Ama-biofuels abephakathi kwenkulumompikiswano yamandla nemvelo eSpain eminyakeni yamuva nje. Inkinga yesimo sezulu, ukungaqiniseki kwemakethe kaphethiloli wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi, kanye nezidingo zokulawula ze-European Union kubangele isithakazelo kulezi zindlela ezingenziwa kabusha. Uma ungathanda ukufunda ukuthi ama-biofuel athuthuka kanjani ezweni lethu, uhlaka lwawo lokulawula, nokuthi ikusasa likuphatheleni, uzothola lonke ulwazi luhlakazwe futhi luchazwe ngokucacile lapha.
Kuso sonke lesi sihloko, sizohlaziya umongo wamanje wama-biofuels emkhakheni wezokuthutha, indima yawo emigomeni ye-decarbonization, izinqubomgomo nemithethonqubo yaseYurophu neyezwe ebabusayo, kanye nezinselelo zobuchwepheshe, ezomnotho, nezenhlalakahle ezibhekene nale mboni. Sizophinda sihlaziye lokhu ngedatha, imibono yochwepheshe, nokuhlaziya okuqinile okuvela emithonjeni ehamba phambili yemboni.
ISIMO AMANJE SAMA-BIOFUELS ESPAIN
Umkhakha we-biofuel eSpain wenza izinguquko, oqhutshwa isidingo sokunciphisa ukuncika emafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa. Ingcindezi evela ku-European Union yokusheshisa ukushintshwa kwamandla iholele ekutheni ama-biofuels abonakale njengethuluzi elibalulekile enqubweni ye-decarbonization, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni lapho ukufakwa kukagesi kungenakho ukusebenza ngesikhathi esifushane, njengomgwaqo osindayo, osolwandle, kanye nezokuthutha emoyeni.
Eminyakeni yamuva, ISpain ibe nokukhula okuphawulekayo kwamandla okukhiqiza i-biofuel, ikakhulukazi ku-biodiesel kanye ne-bioethanol.Nokho, kunegebe elikhulu phakathi kokukhiqizwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwangempela ezweni. Isibonelo, ngeminyaka yawo-2000s, ukusheshisa ukusebenza kwezitshalo zokukhiqiza kwakhulisa amandla okukhiqiza, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwe-biofuel kwangempela afinyelelanga ku-0,45% ngo-2005, isibalo esingaphansi kakhulu kuka-2% esasituswe yisiqondiso saseYurophu ngaleso sikhathi.
Lokhu kungalingani kwaholela ekuqongeleleni imali enqwabelene kanye nesidingo sokuthekelisa ama-biofuels akhiqizwayo, okwenza isimo sibe sibi kakhulu esagqamisa isidingo esiphuthumayo sokulungisa izinqubomgomo zokusetshenziswa kanye nezinzuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthengwa kwe-biodiesel kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi e-United States, kukhuphule ukuncintisana futhi kwaba nzima nakakhulu umbono wabakhiqizi basekhaya.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwalo mkhakha kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuye kwaphawulwa yinselelo yokuvala igebe phakathi kokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa, ukuqinisekisa izinga likaphethiloli, ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala okusimeme kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo eziqinile zokusimama kanye nemithethonqubo ekhishwayo.
Okuningi mayelana nesimo samandla avuselelekayo e-Spain
IZINSELELE NAMATHUBA OMKHAKHA
Isimo samanje sigcwele izinselelo, kodwa futhi namathuba avulekele iSpain ukuhola umkhakha we-biofuel eYurophu. Izwe linomkhakha oyisisekelo oqinile, amandla okuguqula imfucuza yezolimo ibe yimpahla esetshenziswayo, kanye nemboni yezamandla ebalulekile enethuba lokutshala imali. Ngokusho kochwepheshe bezimboni abanjengo-Óscar Barrero (PwC), "Sinamandla wezinto ezingavuthiwe asibeka phakathi kwezikhundla eziphezulu zaseYurophu, uma sazi ukuthi singalisebenzisa kanjani ithuba.".
Nokho, Ukusetshenziswa kwe-biofuel kusalokhu kungaphansi kakhulu kwamandla avunyelwe amandla okukhiqiza kazwelonke.Ingxenye yencazelo ilele ekuntulekeni kwezikhuthazi ezisebenzayo zokusetshenziswa, ukuncintisana okungalingani nezibaseli ezivamile, kanye nombono osasabalele wokuthi ama-biofuels angase abe nomthelela omncane ongemuhle kwezemvelo kunalokho ezikuthembisayo.
Ukuqinisekisa ukusimama kubalulekile empumelelweni yomkhakha. I-biofuel esimeme ngempela kufanele ihlangabezane nezidingo ezimbalwa: ibe a ibhalansi yamandla amahle (okungukuthi, ukuthi inikeza amandla angaphezu kwawadla emjikelezweni wayo wokuphila), kube umnotho futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa uma kuqhathaniswa nezibaseli ezimbiwa phansi. Izimo ezinjengokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe ezihloselwe ukudla, noma ukuphathwa kabi kwemfucuza kungabeka engcupheni ukusimama komkhakha.
Njengoba lo mkhakha uveza, Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-biofuels esizukulwane sesibili nesesithathu, kusukela ezinsalela zehlathi, izitshalo ezingezona ukudla noma ngisho ne-algae, ingenye yezindlela ezithembisa kakhulu. ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwesikhathi eside kanye nokuvula amandla angempela omkhakha.
INDIMA YOKUQALA KANYE NE-CIRULARITY
Ucwaningo nokuqanjwa okusha kuyisihluthulelo sekusasa lama-biofuels eSpain. Njengoba ingcindezi yokuqeda ikhabhoni emkhakheni wezokuthutha ikhula, ukufunwa kobuchwepheshe obuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwama-biofuel aphuma kumfucuza athuthukile, akhishwa kancane emfucumfucwini kukhula kakhulu.
Izinkampani ezifana neSolarig ne-PreZero zizibophezele ekujikelezeni, zikhiqize amafutha aqhubekayo (aziwa ngokuthi ama-SAF, ama-Sustainable Aviation Fuels) kanye ne-biomethane ngokubuyisela imfucuza yezolimo, imfuyo, kanye nemvelo. Lelisu, ngaphezu kokunciphisa intuthu engcolisayo, likhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa komnotho ezindaweni zasemakhaya futhi linomthelela ekuncipheni okukhulu kwemfucuza ebivame ukuphelela ezindaweni zokulahla imfucuza.
Ucwaningo lomphakathi, olufana nalolo olwenziwa yi-CENER (Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Samandla Avuselelekayo), lugxile kumaphrojekthi afuna ukusheshisa ukudluliswa kobuchwepheshe busuka elabhorethri buyiswe embonini. Umgomo uwukuba nobuchwepheshe bangaphambi kwezimboni bulungele ukukhuphula ukukhiqizwa kwama-biofuels athuthukile ngo-2026, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni efana nezokuthuthwa kwemisebenzi emikhulu, ezondiza, nezokuthutha zasolwandle.
Impumelelo yalezi ntuthuko incike kakhulu ekusebenzisaneni phakathi kwezikhulu zikahulumeni, izinkampani, nezikhungo zocwaningo. Ukuzuza ukuxhumana okukhulu phakathi kwalaba badlali kuzovumela ukwamukelwa kwemakethe okushesha nangempumelelo kobuchwepheshe obusha.
Isimo samandla avuselelekayo eYurophu
IZIMALI ZOKUHLAZA KANYE NESIQINISEKISO SOKUNIKEZELA
Esinye sezici ezibucayi kakhulu zokuthuthukiswa kwe-biofuel ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala okwanele nokuqhubekayo kwezinto zokusetshenziswa. Kuze kube manje, izitshalo eziningi ezikhiqizayo zithembele ezitshalweni ezifana ne-rapeseed, ummbila, noma umoba. Nokho, ukuncintisana nemboni yokudla kanye nokucindezela komhlaba olimekayo kwenze kwaba sobala isidingo semithombo esimeme kakhudlwana.
Lo mkhakha uhlose ukubuyisela imfucuza yezolimo nezamahlathi, amafutha okupheka asesetshenzisiwe, amafutha ezilwane, kanye nezitshalo zamandla okungezona ezokudla (ezifana ne-cardoon, i-jatropha, namafutha e-castor), nakuba lezi zisabhekene nezinselele ekuzivumelaniseni nezolimo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nomgomo wokusetshenziswa kukaphethroli ongu-5,75%, phakathi kuka-4 no-13% womhlaba olimekayo wezwe uzodinga ukwabelwa, okuyisibalo esingakwazi ukusimama ngaphandle kokudlulela kwezinye izindawo.
Ukufika kwama-biofuels esizukulwane sesibili kumele isinyathelo esiwujuqu sokuya phambili. Lokhu kufaka phakathi, ngaphezu kwemfucuza yezolimo nezamahlathi, i-lignocellulosic biomass, imfucuza yasemadolobheni, kanye nemikhiqizo yezimboni. Amanye amaphrojekthi amasha ahlola amandla olwelwe oluneseli elilodwa njengomthombo wempahla eluhlaza, nakuba asadinga ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe okwengeziwe ukuze akwazi umnotho.
Ukhiye ungaphakathi andise ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ezisele, ukuze imboni ye-biofuel ingameleli umthwalo owengeziwe kwezolimo noma ukuncintisana nokukhiqizwa kokudla.
IKHWALITHI, UKUZINDLA KANYE NEZIMTHETHO
Izinga lama-biofuels lingenye yezidingo okungaxoxiswana ngazo ukuze zamukelwe abakhiqizi bezimoto, ama-workshops, kanye nabasebenzisi. Ukuthobela izindinganiso zaseYurophu ezidingekayo (i-EN-14214 ye-biodiesel kanye ne-EN-15376 ye-bioethanol) kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kwenjini nokugwema izinkinga ngesikhathi sokugcinwa, ukuthuthwa, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwalawa mafutha.
Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kuncike kakhulu ekuthathweni kwesampula ngezikhathi ezithile kanye nomsebenzi weziphathimandla zesifunda, kodwa izinga eliphansi lokuthobela livame ukutholwa. Ngalesi sizathu, ukuqaliswa kwezitifiketi zekhwalithi ezithile kucatshangelwa ukuklomelisa izinkampani ezizinikele kakhulu futhi kuvinjwe amaqoqo angathobeli imithetho ukuthi angene emakethe.
Mayelana nokusimama, ama-biofuels kumele aphumelele izivivinyo ezintathu ezibalulekile:
- Ibhalansi yamandla enhle: Isamba samandla atshalwe ekukhiqizeni kumele sibe ngaphansi kwamandla ahlinzekwa yi-biofuel.
- Ibhalansi yezomnotho enhle: inani kufanele libe ukuncintisana ngokuphathelene nezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi kanye nakuwo wonke umjikelezo wabo wokuphila.
- Ibhalansi yemvelo enhle: Isamba sokukhishwa kwe-CO2 namanye amagesi abamba ukushisa kufanele okungenani kube ngaphansi ngokuphawulekayo kunalawo okubasela okuvamile.
Umthetho wamanje, kazwelonke kanye nowaseYurophu, uthuthukisa ukwethulwa kwemibandela yokusimama eqinile, kanye nokudinga izitifiketi ezizimele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthotshelwa kwezindinganiso.
UHLAKA LOKULAWULA KANYE NEZINQUBOMGOMO ZEZINKULUMO
Ukuthuthukiswa nokuhlanganiswa kwama-biofuels eSpain kuxhumene kakhulu nokuvela kohlaka lwayo lokulawula. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-European Union isebenzise iziqondiso eziningi okuhloswe ngazo ukukhuthaza amafutha avuselelekayo, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezokuthutha.
I-Renewable Energy Directive (RED III, EU 2023/2413) yamanje ibeka okuhlosiwe kokwethulwa kwamandla avuselelekayo kuzo zonke izindlela zokuthutha, okuchaza ngokucacile izinto zokusetshenziswa ezamukelwayo kanye nemibandela yokunquma edingekayo yokusimama. Eminye imithethonqubo efanele ihlanganisa i-Directive 2003/87/EC, esungula uhlelo lokuhweba nge-emissions ekhishwayo futhi ngokuqhubekayo ihlanganisa umkhakha wezokuthutha, kanye noMthetho Wemboni ye-NetZero, osungula izinyathelo zokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ezingakhiqizi nhlobo, okuhlanganisa ne-biofuels.
Ezingeni likazwelonke, iSpain ihumushe la magunya ochungechungeni lwemithetho nezinhlelo zamasu. Umthetho Womkhakha We-Hydrocarbon (Umthetho 12/2007) usungule eminye ukusetshenziswa okungenani kwe-biofuel kwezokuthutha, ngeshejuli yokukhula eqhubekayo, kuyilapho izinhlelo zamandla zokukhuthaza amandla avuselelekayo ziye zasekela ukuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo ezintsha zokukhiqiza. I-National Integrated Energy and Climate Plan (PNIEC) ibeka izinhloso ezinkulu, nakuba abanye ochwepheshe bephakamisa ukuthi isifiso singaba sikhulu ukuxhaphaza ngokugcwele amandla ezwe.
Indlela yokulawula ayinazo izinselele. Ukuntuleka kokuvumelana phakathi kwemithetho kazwelonke, yesifunda, nekamasipala, kanye nokunensa kwezinqubo zokuphatha ekucubunguleni amaphrojekthi kanye nokuthola izimvume, kubambezela ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo ezintsha. Abaningi kulo mkhakha bafuna ukucaciswa okwengeziwe, isiqiniseko sezomthetho, kanye nezinxephezelo eziqinile zentela ukuze kube lula ukutshalwa kwezimali nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe.
IZITHIBELO EZINKULU NEZINSELELE OKUMELE UZINQOBE
Umkhakha we-biofuel e-Spain manje ubhekene nezinselelo ezinkulu zokuhlanganisa isikhundla sawo futhi uthole isabelo semakethe uma kuqhathaniswa nezibaseli ezimbiwa phansi. Lezi zinselele zithinta lonke uchungechunge lwenani, kusukela ocwaningweni nasekukhiqizeni kuya ekusetshenzisweni kokugcina.
- Amaphepha amaningi nezithiyo zokuphathaIsikhathi esimaphakathi sokucubungula kusukela ekwakhiweni kuya ekusebenzeni kwemboni singadlula iminyaka emithathu, okuvimbela ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokungena kwabadlali abasha.
- Igebe phakathi kwezinjongo zikazwelonke namandla angempelaNakuba izinhlangano ezifana ne-Sedigás zilinganisela amandla e-biomethane ku-163 TWh/ngonyaka, i-PNIEC isungula kuphela ama-20 TWh/ngonyaka, okubonisa ukuntula isifiso sokuvelela.
- Izinkinga zobuchwepheshe kanye nokuvuthwa kwezobuchwephesheIkakhulukazi kubuchwepheshe be-biofuel besizukulwane sesibili nesesithathu noma ekukhiqizweni kwe-hydrogen eluhlaza, izindleko eziphezulu nezithiyo zokuncipha zisekhona.
- Ukushoda kwengqalasizinda: Ukushoda kwamanethiwekhi okujova i-biomethane noma ukuthutha amafutha athuthukisiwe kuphazamisa ukufinyelela emakethe.
- Ukuntuleka kokukhuthaza ukusetshenziswaIzindleko, ngezinye izikhathi eziphakeme, kanye nolwazi olulinganiselwe mayelana nezinzuzo zemvelo zalawa mafutha enza abathengi bangabaze ukuwasebenzisa ngobuningi.
- Ukusebenzisana okunganele komphakathi nezizimeleUkuntuleka kwamaphrojekthi ahlanganyelwe phakathi kwezinkampani nohulumeni kunciphisa ukuthuthukiswa nokwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe obusha.
Ukuze kunqotshwe lezi zithiyo, lo mkhakha ufuna isu elididiyelwe elihlanganisa nezinyathelo zokukhuthaza kokubili isidingo nokukhiqiza, ukusungula izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda. Kubhekwa njengokubaluleke kakhulu ukwethula izindlela zokuklomelisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe ezisele, ukuhlanganisa imithetho, kanye nokwenza lula izinqubo zokuphatha.
I-PROJECTION YEKUSASA KANYE NOMTHELELA WAYO WOKUPHAKATHI KWEZOMNOTHO
Iminyaka ezayo izoba nesinqumo ekunqumeni ukuthi iSpain ingadlala indima ehamba phambili embonini ye-biofuel yaseYurophu. Amathuba abalulekile: imboni yezokuthutha ezisindayo, ezasolwandle, nezomoya kulindeleke ukuthi ihlomule kakhulu ekwandiseni ama-biofuels, njengoba ukufakwa kukagesi kubhekwa njengento engasebenzi esikhathini esifushane noma esimaphakathi kulezi zigaba.
Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha obusekelwe kwinsalela ye-biomass, imfucumfucu yezolimo nezamahlathi, kanye nemikhiqizo yezimboni kuzovumela ukuhlanganiswa kwamaketango ayigugu ayisiyingi ngempela futhi asimeme, kanye nezinzuzo zemvelo, ezomnotho, nezenhlalo.
Ukukhuthaza ukuqoqwa okukhethiwe kukadoti wemvelo, ukutshala imali ku-biomethane namaphrojekthi e-biofuel athuthukisiwe, kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni nezizimele kuzobaluleka ekwakheni imboni eqinile ekwazi ukumunca ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya ngaphandle kokuthembela ekuthengeni kwamanye amazwe noma ekukhiqizeni imali eyengeziwe.
Amathuba okuba nomthelela omuhle adlulele nasezindaweni zasemakhaya nasezifundeni ezingenabantu abaningi, njengoba izinto eziningi zokusetshenziswa ezidingekayo zivela emkhakheni oyinhloko. Lokhu kumelela ithuba lokuthuthukiswa kwendawo, ukuhlanganisa inani labantu, kanye nokuguqukela kumamodeli wezomnotho esimeme futhi aqinile.
Ochwepheshe bemboni bayavuma ukuthi uma izithiyo zamanje zokulawula zinqotshwa futhi kwethulwa izikhuthazo ezifanele, iSpain ingahola ekukhiqizeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwe-biofuel eYurophu, ibe ibhentshimakhi emisha nasekusimameni.
BATHINI OCHWEPHESHE NGEKUSASA LOMKHAKHA?
Amazwi ahamba phambili akhomba uguquko oluseduze oluya kuma-biofuels esizukulwane sesibili nesesithathu, eqhutshwa isidingo sokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni futhi siye ekungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngo-2050. Ngokuka-Javier Gil (CENER), ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zalawa maphethiloli asethuthukile kuzobaluleka ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezinjongo ezibekwe yi-Europe kanye nokusheshisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni emikhakheni okunzima ukuyifakela ugesi.
Kusukela ku-Deloitte, u-Alberto González-Salas ugcizelela ukuthi "ukuhlanganiswa kwalawa mafutha emikhakheni efana nezindiza nezolwandle kuzoba ukhiye ekufinyeleleni ukungathathi hlangothi kwesimo sezulu, nokuthi ukusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe kuzodlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni."
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinkampani ezifana ne-PreZero okwamanje zihlola inqwaba yamaphrojekthi okukhiqiza i-biomethane ngezinga elikhulu ngaphambi kuka-2030, zitshala imali ngokubambisana nezinye izinhlaka ukuze kwandiswe izinsiza nokuheha ukutshalwa kwezimali kulo mkhakha.
Amaphrojekthi amasha ekukhiqizweni kwe-biofuel
Bonke ababambiqhaza okuxoxiswene nabo bayavumelana ngesidingo sokwandisa isifiso sokuvelela kwezombusazwe, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenzisana kwesikhungo, futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuxhumana kangcono nezinzuzo zamafuel ephilayo emphakathini ukuze kugqugquzelwe isidingo futhi kuhlanganiswe imakethe kazwelonke eqinile nesimeme.
UKUHLANGANISWA KANYE NENQUTHUKO EBHEKENE EMANDENI OMHLANZEKILE
Ukuthambekela okucacile ekuqiniseni umkhakha kuyabonakala, kulandela iminyaka yokwandisa umthamo wokukhiqiza kanye nokwenyuka kokutshalwa kwezimali kwezobuchwepheshe. Inselele manje ukuhlanganisa imboni, ukuqinisekisa amanani ancintisanayo, nokwenza izinkampani ezikhiqizayo zitshale ekuthuthukisweni okusha ngokusekelwa kwezikhungo kanye nezezimali.
Izinyathelo ezinjengokuhlanganisa ezokuthutha ohlelweni lwezohwebo lwaseYurophu, ukwaba amalungelo e-CO2 ezimbonini zokukhiqiza, ukwelula izinzuzo zentela ngokusekelwe kumbandela wokusimama, kanye nokufaka izinzuzo zemvelo ngaphakathi kungenza umehluko ekusebenzeni komnotho womkhakha.
Ukuthuthukisa isithombe se-biofuels emphakathini nakho kuzobaluleka. Ukukhuthaza abasebenzisi nezinkampani ukuthi batshale imali kuzo, kuyadingeka ukusabalalisa ngokusobala izinzuzo zabo zangempela, kucaciswe ukungabaza mayelana nomthelela wazo kwemvelo, futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwazo akubangeli izinkinga ezinjinini, ingqalasizinda, noma izingxenye.
Inqubo yokuhlanganisa ama-biofuels eSpain isesigabeni esibalulekile. Uma izinxephezelo, izimiso, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, nokusebenzisana komphakathi nezinkampani ezizimele kuhambisana, lo mkhakha ungafinyelela ukukhula okusimeme futhi ube neqhaza elibalulekile emnothweni wezwe kanye nokuzibophezela kwawo ekusimameni.
Izinyathelo zokukhuthaza amandla avuselelekayo e-Spain
Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-biofuels e-Spain kuveza ithuba eliyingqayizivele lokuguqula ngokuphawulekayo imodeli yamandla yezwe. Ukuhlanganisa uhlaka lokulawula oluzinzile, izinxephezelo ezifanele zentela, ucwaningo lwezobuchwepheshe, nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinkampani nezikhungo kuzosivumela ukuthi sisebenzise amandla amakhulu ezinto zokusetshenziswa endaweni yethu, sibeke iSpain phambili ekushintsheni kwamandla e-Europe futhi, sikhiqize ukuqashwa, ingcebo, kanye nenhlalakahle ezindaweni ezintula kancane.
