I-solar revolution ayilinganiswa kuphela ngokufakwa okukhulu kwamaphaneli ophahleni lwendlu nasezindaweni zelanga, kodwa futhi nangendlela esiphatha ngayo ukuphila kwawo okuwusizo nokulahlwa kwawo okulandelayo. Ngomjikelezo wempilo ongafinyelela eminyakeni engama-30, umbuzo manje uthi, senzani ngezigidi zamaphaneli azogcina engasekho? Kuvela umqondo obalulekile lapha: umnotho oyindilinga.
Ukuhlanganisa ukugaywa kabusha kwamaphaneli elanga abe yimodeli yezomnotho eyindilinga akusona nje isidingo sendawo ezungezile, kuyithuba lamasu. Umgomo ucacile: ukunciphisa imfucuza, ukubuyisela izinto zokwakha, futhi unciphise ukulimala kwemvelo, ngenkathi uvula indawo entsha yokuhweba emkhakheni wamandla avuselelekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- ukugqugquzela umnotho wemvelo kubalulekile ukufeza lezi zinhloso.
Umnotho oyindilinga usebenza kumandla elanga
Umnotho oyindilinga ufuna ukukhulisa impilo ewusizo yemikhiqizo ngokuphinda isetshenziswe, igaywe kabusha, nokuyiklama kabusha ukuze kuncishiswe imfucuza. Endabeni yama-solar panel, lokhu akusho nje ukusebenzisa ugesi abawukhiqizayo amashumi eminyaka, kodwa futhi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto zabo ezisetshenziswayo ziyabuyiselwa futhi ziphinde zifakwe embonini uma zingasenamsebenzi. Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukubaluleka kwalo mkhuba, ungafunda ngakho indlela yokwenza kabusha amamojula elanga.
Amaphaneli elanga akhiwe ngokuyinhloko ngengilazi (engaba ngu-70%), i-aluminium, i-silicon, ithusi, kanye nenani elincane lezinsimbi ezifana nesiliva noma i-indium. Zonke lezi zinto zingasetshenziswa kabusha uma amasistimu aklanywe kahle futhi ukuqoqwa kanye nezinqubo zokwelashwa zisebenza kahle.
Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusafufusa kanye nentuthuko kwezohwebo kanye ne-robotic disassembly, Ukwenziwa kabusha kwe-photovoltaic kuyayeka ukuba yi-utopia futhi kuba iqiniso elibalulekile ngokwezomnotho nelibalulekile ngokwemvelo.
Izingxenye ezibuyiselekayo nezinqubo zokugaywa kabusha
Lapho iphaneli yelanga ifinyelela ekupheleni kokusebenziseka kwayo, phakathi kweminyaka engama-25 no-30, isengaba usizo uma igaywe kabusha ngendlela efanele. Kunezinqubo zokuhlukanisa ingilazi, ukuqaqa uhlaka lwe-aluminium, ukubuyisela i-silicon, ukukhipha izinsimbi ezifana nethusi nesiliva, nokulahla ngokuphepha izingxenye ezingaba ubuthi.
Izinqubo zihlanganisa izigaba eziningana: ukuqoqwa, ukuthutha, ukuhlakazwa kwemishini kanye nokubuyiswa kwamakhemikhali kwezinto. Esigabeni sokudilizwa, isibonelo, izinhlelo ze-optical kanye ne-X-ray zisetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa izakhi ngokunemba okuphezulu. Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe obufana nokukhishwa kwamakhemikhali kanye ne-electrodeposition bese kusetshenziswa ukuze kubuyiselwe izinto ezibalulekile ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Uma ungathanda ukufunda okwengeziwe mayelana nobuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa kabusha, ngincoma ukuthi ufunde mayelana abangakutsheli ngakho ngama-solar panel.
Ukubuyiselwa kwe-silicon Kubandakanya izinqubo zokuhlanza ezivumela ukuthi ziphinde zisetshenziswe ekwenzeni amaphaneli amasha noma, kwezinye izimo, embonini yezogesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhishwa kwezinsimbi ezifana nesiliva noma ithusi Kwenziwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ze-pyrometallurgical noma ze-electrochemical, okwenza inqubo ibe nenzuzo.
Izinhlobo zamaphaneli elanga nobunzima bawo bokusebenzisa kabusha
Akuwona wonke amaphaneli elanga afanayo, futhi lokhu kuba nomthelela ngokuqondile endleleni agaywa kabusha ngayo kanye nokuthi kunzima kangakanani ukugaywa kabusha. Kunamaqembu amathathu amakhulu ezobuchwepheshe:
- Amaphaneli e-Monocrystalline: Enziwe nge-silicon crystal eyodwa, asebenza kahle kakhulu kodwa abiza kakhulu ukuwasebenzisa kabusha ngenxa yesakhiwo sawo esiyinkimbinkimbi.
- Amapaneli wePolycrystalline: Isebenza kahle kancane, kodwa kulula ukuyihlanganisa futhi igaywe kabusha kancane.
- Amaphaneli amafilimu amancane: Zihlanganisa izinto ezifana ne-cadmium tellurium noma ithusi, i-indium, ne-gallium selenide; zilula kodwa zingaqukatha izingxenye ezinobuthi okunzima ukuzihlukanisa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphaneli avelayo njengamaphaneli e-bifacial noma e-perovskite abeka izinselele ezintsha. Okwangaphambili kuqoqa ukukhanya okuvela ezinhlangothini zombili futhi kudinga amasu amasha okuqaqa, kuyilapho okwakamuva, kusathuthukiswa, kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokusetshenziswa komthofu noma ezinye izakhi eziyingozi.
Izindaba zempumelelo kanye nokuqanjwa okusha e-European Union
Izixazululo zokuphayona sezivele zisetshenziswa e-Europe, njengephrojekthi ye-PHOTORAMA exhaswe yi-EU. Lolu hlelo selwamukelwe umhlaba wonke ngendlela yalo emisha yokubuyisela ingilazi, i-aluminium, i-silicon, isiliva, ne-indium ngokusebenzisa amasu alawulwayo naqhubekayo. Ithuthukisa amayunithi okuhlola avumela ukuhlakazwa nokululama ngomshini ngezinga eliphezulu lokuhlanzeka.
ESpain, izinhlelo ezifana neLa Hormiga Verde, esekelwa uHolaluz, nazo zihamba phambili. Ngokubambisana nezinsiza zenhlalakahle kanye nezinhlelo, bathola amazinga okubuyisela asondele ku-100%, kuyilapho bedala amathuba omsebenzi kubantu abakhubazekile.
Solar Wokuqala Kuphinde kwabonisa ukuthi ngokobuchwepheshe nangokwezomnotho kuyenzeka ukusungula izinhlelo zokugaywa kabusha ezikwazi ukubuyisela izinto zokwakha ezingafika ku-90%, ngenxa yezinqubo zamakhemikhali ezingangcolisi kangako kanye nedizayini yephaneli ye-modular.
Umthetho waseYurophu kanye neSpanishi kanye nohlaka lokulawula
Ukulawulwa kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuqiniseni umnotho oyindilinga emkhakheni welanga. I-European Union, nge-WEEE Directive 2012/19/EC, idinga ukugaywa kabusha okungenani kwama-85% wezingxenye zephaneli yelanga futhi idinga ukuthi abakhiqizi baqoqe, bacubungule, futhi basebenzise kabusha le mikhiqizo.
I-Spain iguqule lezi ziqondiso ngokusebenzisa i-Royal Decree 110/2015, kuhlanganise namaphaneli e-photovoltaic njengesigaba esithile semfucuza ye-electronic. Kodwa-ke, ukwelashwa kuhlala kujwayelekile ezimweni eziningi futhi kudinga ukucaciswa okwengeziwe ukubhekana nomthamo okhulayo wemfucuza yelanga.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Ministry for Ecological Transition ifake le ndawo ku-Spanish PERTE for Circular Economy, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane zama-euro ukwakha izingqalasizinda ezintsha zokugaywa kabusha. Lo mzamo uhambisana nezinhlelo ezifuna ukwenza ngcono ukusimama nokusimama ekubuyiseleni izinsiza.
Izinselelo zomnotho kanye nezithiyo zobuchwepheshe
Enye yezinselelo eziphawuleka kakhulu ibhalansi yezomnotho yokuvuselelwa kabusha kwe-photovoltaic. Ezimweni eziningi, izindleko zokuhamba, ukudilizwa, kanye nokucubungula zidlula inzuzo yokuthengisa izinto ezitholiwe, ezidumaza ukutshalwa kwezimali ngaphandle kosizo lomphakathi noma izinxephezelo zentela.
Ukuntuleka kwemithetho efanayo yomhlaba wonke nakho kwenza lesi simo sibe nzima. Ngenkathi i-Europe ithuthuka ngemithethonqubo, amazwe afana ne-United States asenayo imithetho yenhlangano egunyaza ukugaywa kabusha okuhlelekile, nakuba izifundazwe ezithile ezifana ne-California zithathe isinyathelo.
Ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe, Ukuphathwa kwezinto eziyingozi, amandla adingekayo ukuze kuhlukaniswe izingxenye, kanye nokuntuleka kwezitshalo zokwelapha ezikhethekile ezifundeni eziningi. zihlale zinezinselelo ezibalulekile, ezingaqhathaniswa nezinkambiso zamanje ukuthuthukiswa okusimeme.
Umthelela wemvelo kanye nezinzuzo zezenhlalo nezomnotho
Ukugaywa kabusha kwamaphaneli elanga kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, kunciphisa udoti onobuthi ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu, futhi kudala amathuba emisebenzi. Izinkampani ezigxile ekubuyiseleni kabusha, ukusetshenzelwa kwezinto, ukunakekela, nokuvuselela ziyavela, zibhebhezela i-ecosystem eluhlaza.
Ngokusho kwe-IRENA, inani elingaba khona lezinto ezigaywe kabusha lingedlula 15.000 million euro ngo-2050, isibalo esingaguqula lo mkhakha ube yimboni ebalulekile ekushintsheni kwamandla emhlabeni jikelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenzisa kabusha izingxenye kunciphisa izindleko zokugcina zokukhiqiza zamaphaneli amasha, kuwenze athengeke kakhulu.
Akhona futhi namathuba okusetshenziswa kabusha okuqondile kwamaphaneli asebenza kancane ezindaweni zasemakhaya noma emazweni asathuthuka, okugqugquzela ukufinyelela kugesi kuyilapho kunwetshwa ukuphila okusebenzisekayo komkhiqizo.
Ibheke kumodeli esimeme futhi eyindilinga
Ukucindezela kobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile kufanele kuhambisane namasu abhekana nokuphela komjikelezo wempilo yabo. Amathrendi amasha akhomba ekwakhiweni kokuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha, ukuhlakazwa kwe-modular, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingangcolisi, okuqinisekisa ukuthi umthelela wendawo ugcinwa ulawulwa kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni komkhiqizo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, imikhankaso yemfundo, kanye nezivumelwano phakathi kwezinkampani nohulumeni kuyoba kubalulekile ekuhlanganiseni umnotho oyindilinga kugesi welanga. Ngokugqugquzela ukuqwashisa kwezakhamizi kanye nemikhuba emihle evuzayo, singakala imodeli lapho ukusimama kungeyona into ehlukile, kodwa kuyinsakavukela.
Ukugaywa kabusha kwamaphaneli elanga kumele kokubili inselele nethuba elihle lekusasa lamandla omhlaba. Ukwamukela amamodeli ayindilinga akuqinisekisi nje kuphela ukuncika kancane ezinsizeni zemvelo, kodwa futhi kukhuthaza izimboni ezintsha, kukhuthaze imisebenzi eluhlaza, futhi kuqinisa ukuzibophezela kwethu emvelweni. Ngentando yezombangazwe, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, kanye nokuqwashisa ngokuhlanganyela, kungenzeka ukuguqula udoti wethu welanga ube injini yoguquko lwamandla olunempilo, olulinganayo futhi olunenzuzo eyengeziwe.
