Ayini ngempela amanzi asindayo? Uma uzwile ngaleli gama kodwa ungaqiniseki ngobunjalo balo, le ndatshana ingeyakho. Kunomehluko othile ngamanzi ajwayelekile (aziwa ngokuthi amanzi alula) kokubili ezicini nasekusetshenzisweni kwawo.
Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana amanzi anzima, izici zawo, ukusetshenziswa nokunye okuningi.
Ayini amanzi asindayo noma amanzi aqinile?
Izakhi zamakhemikhali ngokuvamile ziba nama-isotopes amaningana, okubonisa ukuthi i-elementi eyodwa ingaba ngamafomu amaningi kuye ngesakhiwo sayo sangaphakathi. Lesi simo siboniswa yi-hydrogen etholakala emanzini asindayo.
Lapho ucabangela ukwakheka kwamanzi, emelelwe njenge-H2O, sibhekisela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyakuqaphela noma cha, ekukhanyiseni amanzi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kune-molecule enokwakheka okufanayo lapho i-hydrogen ingathathelwa indawo isotope yayo evamile, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-protium, kodwa nge-isotope yesici esindayo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-deuterium.
Yimuphi umehluko ovela ekuguqulweni kwama-isotopes e-hydrogen uma kuqhathaniswa namanzi alula namanzi asindayo?
Umehluko phakathi kwamanzi asindayo namanzi alula
Noma yikuphi ukuguqulwa okwenzeka ezingeni lamangqamuzana entweni, kuhlanganisa namanzi, kuveza izinguquko ezimpahleni nezici zayo. Ngakho-ke, Ukufakwa kwe-deuterium ku-H2O yamanzi anzima kuyayihlukanisa namanzi alula.
Umehluko obonwe ezingeni lamangqamuzana ubonisa ukuthi amanzi alula aqukethe i-proton futhi ayinawo ama-neutron ku-nucleus yawo, kuyilapho amanzi anzima enziwa i-proton ne-neutron eyengeziwe. Lokhu kuhluka phakathi kwama-isotopes amabili e-hydrogen kuyisisekelo sokuhlukanisa i-deuterium njenge-isotope esindayo.
Amanzi anzima anesisindo samangqamuzana aphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa namanzi alula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inomthamo omkhulu kunamanzi alula. Amanzi anzima nawo anezinga eliphezulu le-asidi uma kuqhathaniswa namanzi alula.
Ngaphandle kwalo mehluko oshiwo ngenhla ezintweni nezakhiwo, ukungafani phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwamanzi asindayo nalawo alula noma amanzi ajwayelekile akufanele kushaywe indiva. Eqinisweni, ukugwinya amanzi amaningi kakhulu kungabangela izinguquko eziphawulekayo ze-biochemical emzimbeni.
Kungenzeka yini ukusebenzisa amanzi anzima?
Umbuzo omayelana nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi asindayo uvela ekubeni khona kwawo ngamanani amancane emanzini kampompi esivame ukuwasebenzisa.
Nakuba inani elincane lingase lingazibeki izingozi ezinkulu, ukungenisa amanzi amaningi anzima kungabangela izinguquko zamaselula, okubangelwa ubunzima obuhlukahlukene bama-athomu e-hydrogen uma kuqhathaniswa namanzi alula.
Omunye wemiphumela yokuphuza kakhulu amanzi anzima kakhulu yisiyezi, okuvela ekushintsheni ukuminyana okubangela oketshezini lwendlebe yangaphakathi, isifunda esigcina isitho sokulinganisa.
Ngakho-ke, kuyalulekwa ukuthi, nakuba amanani amancane engavamile ukuletha izinkinga, inketho ekhethwayo iwukusebenzisa amanzi alula esikhundleni samanzi asindayo, ngifuna amanzi ngobumsulwa esiphezulu. Nokho, yiziphi izinyathelo ezingathathwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amanzi ompompi anikezwa ezindaweni zethu zokuhlala akanakungcola? Yiziphi izindlela ezingasetshenziswa ukususa ukungcola nezinsimbi ezisindayo emanzini?
Nakuba kuboniswe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okubalulekile kwamanzi anzima kuyadingeka ukuze imiphumela eyingozi ibonakale, umbuzo ovela njalo uhlala: ngingaqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi amazinga amanzi anzima akhona ekhaya lami angaphakathi kwemingcele eyamukelekayo?
Lapho uphuza amanzi ompompi, Samukela ngokwemvelo noma yikuphi ukungcola okungaba khona noma izinto eziyingozi okungenzeka zibe khona ekubunjweni kwayo. Ngakho-ke, indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kampompi wekhwalithi ephakeme nobumsulwa ukufakwa kwesistimu ye-osmosis ehlehlayo.
Lezi zinhlelo zokuhlanza zisebenzisa izihlungi eziklanyelwe ukususa ukungcola okufana ne-lime nezinsimbi ezisindayo, okuthi, nakuba zingezona izici zamanzi ekhwalithi ephezulu, okungenzeka zibe khona ngezikhathi ezithile emanzini ompompi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi anzima
Sesibonile ukuthi amanzi anzima awanakudliwa ngamanani amakhulu. Nokho, inenani elikhulu lokusetshenziswa emkhakheni wezimboni. Ake sibone ukusetshenziswa okuphawulekayo kwamanzi anzima:
- Ama-reactors enuzi asebenzisa amanzi asindayo ngokuyinhloko njengomongameli kanye nesipholile.. Inzuzo enkulu yama-reactors amanzi asindayo yikhono lawo lokusebenzisa i-uranium yemvelo njengophethiloli, ngaleyo ndlela kugwenywe inqubo ebizayo yokunothisa i-uranium.
- Ukuhlolwa kokuhlakazwa kwe-Neutron: Emkhakheni we-physics kanye ne-biology, amanzi anzima adlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlolweni kokusakazwa kwe-neutron. Ngokufaka i-deuterium esikhundleni sama-athomu e-hydrogen avamile ngaphakathi kwenhlanganisela, abacwaningi bangakwazi ukunquma ukwakheka nokuguquguquka kwaleyo nhlanganisela.
- Ukulebula kwe-Deuterium isotopic kuvame ukusetshenziswa ku ukuhlola kwebhayoloji ukuze kulandelelwe ukumuncwa kanye nezindlela ze-metabolic zezinto ezingaphakathi kwamaseli noma izinto eziphilayo. Emkhakheni wamakhemikhali, umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwe-hydrogen ne-deuterium uvumela ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi asindayo ku-NMR (i-nuclear magnetic resonance).
- I-Spectroscopy kanye ne-FTIR (I-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), esiza ukuhlaziya nokuchazwa kwedatha ye-spectral.
- Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Deuterium: Umthombo oyinhloko we-deuterium amanzi asindayo, athola ukusetshenziswa ezimweni zezempi (njengengxenye yezikhali zenuzi), imikhakha yezimboni (esebenza njenge-ejenti yokumaka emkhakheni wezokwenziwa kwemithi) kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi (ikakhulukazi ocwaningweni oluhlobene nomthelela we-isotopic ).
Ingabe amanzi anzima ayingozi empilweni yakho?
Kuncane okwaziwayo ngemiphumela eyingozi empilweni yamanzi anzima. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi i-athomu eyodwa kweziyi-7.000 ze-hydrogen i-deuterium nokuthi umzimba womuntu wakhiwe ngamanzi angama-75%, kungenzeka ukuthi ube phakathi kuka-6 no-8 amagremu amanzi anzima emithanjeni yakho.
Kulezi zibalo akufanele kube yingozi, ngoba lapho-ke sizofa sonke. Esikwaziyo ukuthi isibopho esakhiwe phakathi kwe-deuterium nomoya-mpilo ku-D2O sithi siqine kunebhondi eku-H2O.
Siyazi futhi ukuthi izinqubo zamakhemikhali eziningi ezisigcina siphila zidinga ukuhlukaniswa kwamanzi abe yi-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo. Njengoba kudingeka amandla engeziwe ukudiliza ama-molecule e-D2O, lezi zinqubo zinganciphisa noma zime ngokuphelele, ngandlela-thile zisibulale.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi ayini amanzi anzima kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo.