I-China isiqedile ukufakwa kwe- ipulatifomu yomoya entantayo enkulu kunazo zonke epheshaneni lolwandle engu-16 MW Emanzini ajulile, kuphrojekthi eye yaba ngesinye sezinyathelo ezibalulekile kwezobuchwepheshe emandleni omoya akamuva asogwini lolwandle. Ingqalasizinda itholakala ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-70 ukusuka ogwini, ezindaweni ezingaphezu kwamamitha angu-50 ukujula, futhi yenzelwe ukusebenza endaweni yasolwandle edinga kakhulu.
Le pulatifomu entsha, ehlanganisa i-turbine yomoya enamandla amakhulu nesakhiwo esintantayo esingacwiliswa kancane kanye nesistimu yokubopha ethuthukisiwe, Kuphawula igxathu elibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwamandla omoya asuka emanzini ajulileNgale kwerekhodi lobuchwepheshe, lo msebenzi uthumela umyalezo ocacile eYurophu, ikakhulukazi, emazweni afana neSpain, alungiselela amathenda awo okuqala omoya ohamba ogwini lolwandle.
I-turbine yomoya enkulu entantayo ogwini lwaseGuangzhou
Ipulatifomu, eyaziwa ngokuthi 'Sanxia Linghang' futhi kukhuthazwe yiqembu likahulumeni I-China Three Gorges CorporationIfakwe ogwini lwaseYangjiang, esifundazweni saseGuangdong esiseningizimu. Iyisakhiwo esintantayo esingacwiliswa kancane esihlonyiswe nge-turbine engu-16 MW ekwazi ukusebenza olwandle oluvulekile, kude nolwandle kanye nasezansi kolwandle lapho izisekelo eziqinile zingasasebenzi khona.
Umshini uhleli epulatifomu elicishe libe Amamitha angu-81 x 91 kanye namathani angaphezu kuka-24.000Iklanyelwe ukugcina ukuzinza ngisho nasemagagasini amakhulu kanye nezivunguvungu zomoya ezinamandla, i-rotor, engaba amamitha angu-252 ububanzi, ishanela indawo elingana nezinkundla eziningana zebhola, ivumela ukuthi ibambe amandla amaningi ngokujikeleza ngakunye.
Ngokusho kwezilinganiso zokuqala, i-turbine ingafinyelela ku- ukukhiqizwa kwaminyaka yonke okucishe kube yizigidi ezingama-44,65 kWhAmandla anele ukunika amandla amashumi ezinkulungwane zezindlu. Lesi sibalo sibeka iphrojekthi phakathi kwezindawo ezinamandla kakhulu zokuntanta emhlabeni futhi siqinisa umqondo wokuthi ukukhuphukela emandleni angaphandle kuyashesha.
Ukufakwa kwahlanganiswa ngokuphelele echwebeni laseTieshan esifundeni saseGuangxi, lapho kwadonswa khona kwayiswa endaweni yalo yokugcina ngaphesheya kweQiongzhou Strait. Le nqubo yokuthutha ikhombisa ikhono lemboni yaseShayina lokufaka hlanganisa lonke uchungechunge lwamandla omoya oluntantayokusukela ezingxenyeni ezibalulekile kuya ekusetshenzisweni olwandle oluvulekile.
Ubunjiniyela bamanzi ajulile nezimo ezimbi kakhulu
Indawo yale phrojekthi, eqhele ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-70 ukusuka ogwini lolwandle futhi ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha angu-50, idinga ukubhekana nezinselele zobuchwepheshe ezidlula kakhulu lezo zamapulazi omoya avamile asogwini lolwandle. Kule ndawo, Amagagasi angadlula amamitha angu-20 ukuphakama futhi imimoya ingafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela kumamitha angu-73 ngomzuzwana, okudinga umklamo othize wepulatifomu kanye nezinhlelo zayo zokubopha.
Umehluko omkhulu uma uqhathaniswa namapaki anesisekelo esiqinile ukuthi isakhiwo asinamathele phansi kusetshenziswa izinqwaba eziqinile, kodwa kunalokho Iyantanta futhi ivumelane nokunyakaza kolwandleLokhu kuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwamandla avuselelekayo ukuthi kwenzeke ezindaweni ezijulile zolwandle, lapho kwakungenakwenzeka khona ngaphambili ukufaka ama-turbine, kodwa futhi kudinga izixazululo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza nokuphepha.
Lolu hlobo lwephrojekthi luvula amathuba ezindaweni ezine- imimoya enamandla futhi eqhubekayoLesi yisimo esiyisisekelo sokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwamandla okufakwa ogwini lolwandle. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kude nogu kuhilela ukubhekana nezinselele ezengeziwe ekubambeni, ukulawula ukugoqa, kanye nokudluliswa kwamandla, izici eziye zaphazamisa ukuthunyelwa kwamandla omoya antantayo kuze kube manje uma kuqhathaniswa namandla omoya afakwe ngokuqinile.
Ngalesi sikhulumi, iShayina ithatha isinyathelo esiya phambili ukukhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukugcina i-turbine enkulu isebenza endaweni eyingozi kakhulu yasolwandleUkuhlanganiswa komklamo wesakhiwo, izinhlelo zokulawula, kanye nobuchwepheshe obusha bokubambelela kuba yinto ebalulekile kule phrojekthi.
Ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile: izintambo ze-polyester, i-ballast esebenzayo, kanye nekhebula eliguqukayo
Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu zesikhulumi ukusetshenziswa, okokuqala eShayina, kwe izintambo ze-polyester ezisebenza kahle kakhulu yesistimu yokubopha. Lezi zintambo zenzelwe ukumunca amandla amaza ngokuguquguquka kwe-elastic, zisebenza njengesithambisi sokushaqeka esinciphisa ukucindezeleka esakhiweni futhi sandise isikhathi saso sokuphila.
Ukubambelela phansi kolwandle kuqedwa ngohlelo lwama-anchor okumunca kanye namaketanga ensimbi, okuthi, kuhlanganiswe nezintambo ze-fiber optic, kwakha i- ukubopha okunamandla okukwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokunyakaza okuqhubekayo kwepulatifomuLe ndlela ivumela i-turbine ukuthi imelane nokuzamazama kwamagagasi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ubuqotho bayo noma ukusebenza kwayo.
Ukuzinza kuqiniswa yi- uhlelo lwe-ballast olusebenzayo Njengoba itholakala ezinsikeni zepulatifomu ecwiliswa kancane, le ndlela ilungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo umthamo wamanzi ngokwezimo zolwandle nomoya, ngaleyo ndlela igcina isikhungo samandla adonsela phansi silawulwa futhi ivimbele ukuthambekela ngokweqile kwesakhiwo.
Esigabeni sikagesi, iphrojekthi ifaka phakathi Intambo yangaphansi kolwandle enamandla engama-kilovolt angu-66Njengoba zenzelwe ukumelana nokunyakaza kwepulatifomu ngaphandle kokuwohloka, lezi ziqondisi, ngokungafani nezintambo ezimile ezindaweni ezisekelwe ngokuqinile, kumele zivumelane nokunyakaza kwesakhiwo esintantayo, zigcine ikhwalithi yokudlulisela futhi zinciphise ingozi yokwehluleka.
Esinye isici esifanele ukuthi cishe zonke izingxenye ezibalulekile —kufaka phakathi izintambo ze-polyester, izinhlelo zokunamathisela, kanye ne-electronics engaphansi kwamanzi—kuye kwenziwa eShayina. Lokhu kunciphisa ukuthembela kubaphakeli bangaphandle futhi kuqinisa ikhono lezwe lokusebenzisa amaphrojekthi amasha amakhulu ngaphakathi kwesikhathi esilawulwayo kanye nezindleko.
Umehluko nomoya osuka ogwini osekelwe ngokuqinile
Ama-turbine omoya antantayo ahlukile kuma-turbine omoya avamile asogwini lolwandle, anezisekelo eziqinile, ezicini eziningana eziyisisekelo. Esokuqala yi- amathuba okusebenza emanzini ajulilelapho izinqwaba noma izakhiwo eziqinile ziba nzima khona ngokomthetho noma ngokwezomnotho. Lokhu kuvumela amapaki ukuthi abekwe kude nogu lolwandle, kunciphisa umthelela obonakalayo futhi kwandiswe izindawo ezitholakalayo zentuthuko entsha.
Kulezi zindawo, imimoya ivame ukuba namandla futhi ivame kakhulu, okuholela ekutheni kube ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okuzinzile nokubikezelwayoKodwa-ke, ukuhweba kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe: ukwakheka kwe-mooring, ukuziphatha okuguqukayo kwesakhiwo, ukugcinwa, kanye nokukhishwa kwamandla kudinga kakhulu kunakumaphrojekthi angaphansi.
Izindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokusebenza kwamandla omoya antantayo zihlala ziphakeme kunezamandla omoya angaguquki, kodwa intuthuko yamaphrojekthi afana nephrojekthi yaseShayina engu-16 MW ikhombisa ukuthi Igebe lingancipha njengoba isikali sikhulaLokhu kuvumela ukuqongelela kwamahora okusebenza kanye nokwenza ngcono uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka. Ukwanda kosayizi we-turbine, njengoba lokhu kufakwa kubonisa ngokucacile, kungenye yezindlela ezibalulekile zokunciphisa izindleko ngehora ngalinye le-megawatt elikhiqizwayo.
Nakuba amandla amaningi omhlaba wonke afakwe ogwini lolwandle eqhubeka nokugxila emapaki anesisekelo esiqinile eduze nogu, amandla omoya antantayo ayavela njengoba indlela enkulu yokwandisa iminyaka eyishumi ezayoikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinezinsika ezijulile eduze nomhlaba.
IShayina neYurophu emncintiswaneni wamandla omoya antantayo
Ukufakwa kwale nkundla kuyingxenye yesu leBeijing loku ukunciphisa ukuthembela kwabo kumafutha angaphansi komhlaba futhi iqinise ukuzimela kwayo ngamandla, ngenkathi ikhulisa isisindo sayo ochungechungeni lwemboni yamandla avuselelekayo. Imboni ye-wind turbine yaseShayina isivele incintisana namazwe ngamazwe, kanye nabakhiqizi abanjengoMingyang kanye ne-CSIC abakhona ezimakethe eziningi.
Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kwemikhakha eyahlukene, abakhiqizi be-turbine baseShayina bafake ama-gigawatt amaningana phesheyanokuba khona ngisho nakwamanye amazwe angamalungu e-European Union. Kodwa-ke, kusasele imibuzo mayelana nokusebenza kwesikhathi eside, ukucaca ekulandeleni, kanye nokuhambisana nezindinganiso zemvelo, ezenhlalo, kanye nokubusa (ESG).
Ukuthuthuka kwama-turbine omoya antantayo aseShayina nakho kuza ngesikhathi ukungezwani kwezohwebo okukhula ne-European UnionIkakhulukazi maqondana nezibonelelo zomphakathi, amanani okuthumela kwamanye amazwe, kanye nendima yamabhizinisi kahulumeni emikhakheni yamasu. Ukungena kobuchwepheshe base-Asia obungabizi kakhulu kumathenda aseYurophu kungenye yamaphuzu okuxoxwa ngawo kakhulu embonini.
Imiphumela eSpain nakulo lonke elaseYurophu
Esimweni saseYurophu, isinyathelo seShayina siza njengoba amazwe afana neSpain elungiselela imincintiswano yokuqala ethize yomoya ohamba ogwini lolwandleUhlelo lukhomba amathenda aqala ngo-2025-2026, uma uhlaka lokulawula olususelwa ku-Royal Decree 1028/2007 kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwalo okulandelayo sekubuyekeziwe.
Spain has a ugu olude lwase-Atlantic naseMedithera Njengoba amanzi ajulile eseduze nogu, iyindawo efanelekile yama-turbine omoya antantayo. Kodwa-ke, lesi sici esifanayo senza ukusetshenziswa kwezisekelo eziqinile kube nzima, ngakho-ke ulwazi kanye nomugqa wokufunda ohlinzekwa yimisebenzi efana neyaseShayina kuzoba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu.
Njengamanje, abakhiqizi abaningi baseYurophu bama-turbine omoya asogwini bayaqhubeka nokusebenza ngama-turbine antantayo amazinga kagesi angaphansi kuka-10 MWLokhu kuphambene nogesi ongu-16 MW osuvele usebenza eShayina. Lo mehluko ngesilinganiso ungaholela ezinzuzweni zezindleko zamaphrojekthi ase-Asia, ikakhulukazi uma ekwazi ukwenza imiklamo ibe yifanayo kanye nokukhiqiza ngobuningi.
Umkhakha wamachweba aseSpain nawo uyathuthuka: izikhungo ezifana namachweba ase- ICadiz, iFerrol noma iBarcelona Sebeqalile kakade ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ukuze bakwazi ukuhlanganisa nokuqalisa izakhiwo ezinkulu ezintantayo, beqaphela ukuthi amandla omoya aphesheya kwezilwandle angaba yindawo entsha yezimboni. Amandla alezi zikhumulo zokuheha amaphrojekthi azoncika, ngezinga elikhulu, ezimweni ezichazwe ezindalini zesikhathi esizayo.
Enye yezingxoxo eziyisisekelo eYurophu imayelana ne- ukuhlelwa kwemincintiswano kanye nezidingo zochungechunge lokuhlinzekaUma amathenda engawethuli imigomo ebheka ukukhiqizwa kwendawo, ukusungula izinto ezintsha eYurophu, noma ukuhlukahluka kobuchwepheshe, ubukhulu kanye nenzuzo yezindleko zabakhiqizi base-Asia kunganciphisa izinga lomkhiqizo ukuze kutholakale ingxenye enkulu yemiklomelo, kube nomthelela oqondile ezimbonini zezwekazi.
Umkhakha oguquka ngokuphelele amandla
Ukufakwa kwepulatifomu entantayo engu-16 MW eShayina kungaphezu nje kwerekhodi lobuchwepheshe: kusebenza njenge uphawu lokuthi umoya womhlaba wonke uyaphiUkugxila akusekho nje ekwandiseni inani lama-turbine, kodwa ekwandiseni usayizi wawo, ukuwayisa emanzini ajulile, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuhlanganiswa kwawo ezinhlelweni zikagesi eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe.
Lolu hlobo lwengqalasizinda lunegalelo ku- hlukanisa imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo Lokhu kuzonciphisa ukuchayeka ekuguqukeni kwamandla kagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvula amathuba amasha okuthuthukiswa kwezifunda ezisogwini ezingaba yizindawo zezimboni ezihlotshaniswa nokuhlanganiswa, ukusebenza, kanye nokugcinwa kwamapulazi omoya antantayo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthunyelwa kwamapulatifomu antantayo kudala izinselele ezengeziwe: ukuhlela isikhala sasolwandle, ukuhambisana nezinye izindlela zokusebenzisa ulwandle, umthelela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kanye nesidingo sokuqinisa amagridi kagesi asogwini. Ukubhekana nalezi zinkinga kuzoba yisihluthulelo sokukhula okuhlelekile nokwamukelekayo emphakathini kwamandla omoya asogwini.
Njengoba amaphrojekthi amakhulu efika ku-inthanethi futhi eqoqa amahora okusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo zangempela, lo mkhakha uzoba nawo Idatha enembile kakhulu ngezindleko, ukuthembeka kanye nokusebenzaLokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kuzosivumela ukuthi silungise imiklamo, sithuthukise amamodeli ebhizinisi, futhi sinqume ukuthi yiziphi izilungiselelo zobuchwepheshe ezincintisana kakhulu esifundeni ngasinye.
Ipulatifomu entsha entantayo engu-16 MW efakwe yiShayina, ekugcineni, ifanekisela ushintsho lwesigaba emoyeni ongaphandle kolwandle: ukukhuphukela emandleni amakhulu emanzini ajulile kusheshisa ukuncintisana komhlaba wonke, kusunduza iYurophu namazwe afana neSpain ukuthi bachaze ngokucacile isu labo futhi kuhlanganiswe umoya ontantayo njengenye yezingcezu eziyinhloko zesistimu yamandla yesikhathi esizayo, lapho umoya ongaphandle kolwandle uzoba nendima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuhlinzekweni kukagesi emhlabeni jikelele.
