Njalo ngo-Agasti 10, uSuku Lomhlaba Wonke lwe-Biodiesel lugujwa, umcimbi okhumbula ukuthi nini URudolf Diesel wakwazi ukuqala injini yakhe ngamafutha emifino ngo-1893Lokho kuhlola okuphumelelayo, okwenziwa ngamafutha esundu, kwavula umnyango wendlela ehlukile yokuqonda uphethiloli wezinjini ezivuthayo.
Idethi isebenza ukubheka emuva kanye nokubuyekeza okwamanje: Iyini i-biodiesel, ikhiqizwa kanjani, futhi yiziphi izinqubomgomo ezisheshisa ukutholwa kwayo? emhlabeni ofuna ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umbono wokuvikeleka kokuhlinzekwa nokuncintisana.
Umsuka wesikhumbuzo
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, uDiesel wayefuna ukunqoba ukungasebenzi kahle kwe izinjini zesitimu futhi ufinyelele umkhawulo wethiyori weCarnotNgo-1892 wehlelwa ingozi embi kakhulu nge-prototype eyabangelwa i-ammonia, walahlekelwa ukusekelwa uCarl Linde, kodwa Uthole ukwesekwa okusha ku-Heinrich von Buz kanye nenkampani ye-MAN. ukuqhubeka nombono wakhe.
Ngo-August 10, 1893 kwaphawula inguquko: Injini kadizili yayihamba kahle isebenzisa amafutha esunduKwakungelona nje ilukuluku laselabhorethri, kodwa isibonakaliso sokuthi amafutha emifino anganika amandla ngokuthembekile imishini.
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ngo-1897, i-MAN yethula injini ye-diesel engama-25 hp isekela inhlobonhlobo yamafutha, kusukela emafutheni emifino kuya kwezingxenyana ze-petroleum ezingase zitholakale ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene.
Ukuzibophezela kumafutha emifino kwaqinisekiswa kabusha ngo-1900, lapho u-Diesel ekhombisa ubuchwepheshe bakhe e-Universal Exhibition eParis amafutha e-peanutEminyakeni ethile kamuva, ngo-1912, wakwenza kwacaca lokho Lawa mafutha angagcina esethathe indawo yamalahle ne-petroleum., silindele izimpikiswano ezisasebenza ngokugcwele nanamuhla.
Iyini i-biodiesel futhi ikhiqizwa kanjani?
I-Biodiesel inguphethiloli ovuselelekayo owenziwe i-fatty acid methyl esters (UDUMO), etholwe ngokusabela ama-triglycerides (amafutha emifino noma amafutha ezilwane) ngotshwala obuncane, ngokuvamile i-methanol, ngenqubo ukuguqulwa. Ingasetshenziswa ehlanzekile noma izingxube ne-diesel ngezilinganiso eziguquguqukayo (B5, B10, B20, njll.).
Kukhona futhi okuthiwa i-renewable diesel noma I-HVO (Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil), ekhiqizwa i-hydrotreatment ekushiseni okuphezulu nokucindezela, okukhiqiza ama-hydrocarbon e-paraffinic amakhemikhali afana kakhulu nodizili wezinsalelaIwuphethiloli ohambisana ne-biodiesel, nakuba izindleko zayo zokukhiqiza ngokuvamile ziba phezulu.
Uma umjikelezo ophelele uhlolwa, i-biodiesel kanye nodizili ovuselelekayo ziyakuvumela ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa phakathi kuka-70% no-80% uma kuqhathaniswa nodizili ojwayelekile. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Biodiesel nakho kuyakhiqiza glycerin njengomkhiqizo, impahla eluhlaza manje esetshenziswa emikhakheni yezemithi, yezimonyo, yokudla namakhemikhali.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa zihlanganisa ubhontshisi wesoya, ubhekilanga, i-rapeseed, isundu, amafutha asetshenzisiwe kanye namafutha ezilwane, okuvumela ukukhiqiza ukuthi kuhambisane nokutholakala kwezolimo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesifunda ngasinye.
Izinqubomgomo, isimo semakethe kanye nesifunda
Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1990, amazwe amaningi aseqalile ukusebenzisa iziyalezo zokuhlanganisa eziyisibopho ukuhlukanisa i-matrix yamandla kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Ngokuhambisanayo, imithethonqubo efana I-RefuelEU Aviation setha amaphesenti akhulayo e-SAF ezondiza, kusheshiswe ukuthunyelwa kukadizili ovuselelekayo nama-biofuels. Izinkampani ezinkulu zamandla ziguqukile zokucwenga ukucubungula amafutha, kuyilapho i-biodiesel, enezithiyo eziphansi zokungena, yenze kube lula ukuvela kwabadlali abasha. Ziyizindlela ezihambisanayo izinqumo ezahlukene zokutshala izimali kanye nezikali.
Uhwebo lwe-biodiesel lube nezinxushunxushu: e-Europe, kulandela ingxabano eyatholwa yi-Argentina ngaphambi kwe-WTO ngezinyathelo zokulwa nokulahla, a uhlelo lwe-quota; e-United States bayabusa amanani entengo asondele ku-150% kanye nokungafakwa kwezinye izinxephezelo zentela zokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe, kuyilapho igunya lasekhaya le-biodiesel likhula.
Esifundeni, I-Brazil isebenzisa i-B15 kuwo wonke amafutha ayo e-diesel, kuyilapho i-Argentina, eyaba umholi wokuthekelisa emhlabeni jikelele, igcina namuhla ukunqunywa kwezwe lonke 7,5%. Ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwaqala ngo-2010 nge Umthetho we-26.093, ebeka ubuncane obungu-5% bezimoto kanye no-20% wokuphehlwa kukagesi (inhloso yokugcina ayenzekanga). Inkulumo-mpikiswano yamanje igxile buyekeza imithetho ngemigomo ekhulayo, ukusizakala ngomthamo ofakiwe, isipiliyoni sokuthekelisa, imininingwane yobuchwepheshe, namandla ezitshalo zasebusika ezifana ne-carinata, i-safflower, i-kamelina, ne-rapeseed.
Lolu suku lwamazwe ngamazwe lwe-Biodiesel lugqamisa ukuthi ukuqanjwa kabusha kweminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu edlule kusabalulekile: ukunciphisa ukungcola, ukukhulisa umnotho wesifunda futhi kuthuthukise ukuvikeleka kwamandla Lezi yizinjongo umkhakha ongabhekana nazo uma umthetho uwusekela kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kuthola uhlaka oluzinzile.
Ukuhlolwa kukadizili ngamafutha emifino bekulindeleke ukuthi kube nenguquko engenzeka, futhi namuhla, ngobuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe njenge-biodiesel ne-HVO, nemithethonqubo ecacile, kungenzeka ukukala indima yakho kwezokuthutha nezimboni ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umkhondo wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu noma ukusebenza kahle kwezomnotho.
