Ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kungenye yezinkinga ezibucayi kakhulu namuhla. Lokhu kukhishwa kwegesi kunomthelela oqondile ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu, okubangele ukuthi ohulumeni basebenzise izinqubomgomo zokunciphisa. Ngalo mqondo, i- Isivumelwano saseParis Kungesinye sezibopho eziyinhloko zamazwe ngamazwe zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi emhlabeni jikelele, lapho iSpain nayo idlala indima ebalulekile.
Iqhaza lamandla avuselelekayo ekwehliseni ukungcola
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zokufeza ukuncishiswa kokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa ukusetshenziswa kwe amandla avuselelekayo, eziye zabonakala ziphumelela kakhulu ekukhiqizeni amandla ngaphandle kokukhipha amagesi angcolisayo emkhathini. Ngo-2016, iSpain yakwazi ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwayo kwe-CO2 323,8 billion amathani, a 3,5% ngaphansi kunonyaka odlule. Lokhu kuncishiswa kwaba khona ngenxa a ukwehla kokusetshenziswa kwamalahle ngama-29%, esikhundleni sawo ikakhulukazi amandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi, ukukhiqizwa kwawo kukhuphuke ngo-25,5%. Lesi isibonelo esicacile sendlela okuvuselelekayo okunomthelela ngayo ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Ukwengeza, amandla omoya namandla elanga nawo adlale indima ebalulekile ekuqhubekeleni phambili ekususeni i-carbonization.
Ngabe igesi ekhishwayo iguquke kanjani eSpain?
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, iSpain igcine ukwehla kwesimo sesisi esingcolisa umoya, nakuba isabhekene nezinselelo ezinkulu ekuhlangabezaneni nezibopho zayo zomhlaba wonke. Nakuba ngo-2016 a 26% ukuncishiswa Uma kuqhathaniswa namazinga ka-2005, ukukhishwa kwegesi iyonke yezwe bekungaphezulu ngo-13% kunango-1990, unyaka wokuqala wokulinganisa inqubekelaphambili Isivumelwano seKyoto. Kodwa-ke, inqubekelaphambili iyaphawuleka uma siqhathanisa idatha yakamuva: ngo-2023, iSpain iqophe i- 7,5% ukuncishiswa uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule, ngenani eliphelele amathani ayizigidi ezingama-271,6 we-CO₂ elingana, izinga eliphansi kakhulu kusukela kwaqala amarekhodi omlando.
Lokhu kuncipha kube khona ngenxa yokukhula kwamandla avuselelekayo, ikakhulukazi Photovoltaic Solar Amandla futhi i umoya. Ngokombiko ovela ku I-Observatory of Energy Transition and Climate Action (OTEA), le mithombo ihlanganisa ngaphezu kwengxenye yesidingo sikagesi wezwe. Nokho, i umkhakha wezokuthutha Ihlala ingumkhiqizi omkhulu, imele ama-27% engqikithi yokukhishwa kwegesi ngo-2016.
Umkhakha wezimboni kanye nokwehliswa kokukhishwa kwegesi
Ukuzibophezela kweSpain kuhlanganisa imikhakha eminingi, okuhlanganisa umkhakha. Ngo-2020, izwe lazibophezela ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwezimboni ngo-21% uma kuqhathaniswa no-1990. I-Spain isebenzise izinqubomgomo ezihlukahlukene ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu, futhi imiphumela ka-2016 ibonisa ukuthi ukungcola okuvela emkhakheni wezimboni kwehle ngo-10%, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuqanjwa kabusha kwezimboni zikasimende, zamakhemikhali nezensimbi.
Kodwa-ke, omunye wemikhakha emelene kakhulu noshintsho kube ezokuthutha, okukhishwa kwayo kukhuphuke ngo-3,1% uma kuqhathaniswa nowezi-2015. Lo mkhakha usaqhubeka nokuba ngenye yezinjongo eziseqhulwini kule minyaka ezayo, uma kubhekwa ukuthi umele cishe ingxenye yesithathu yegesi ekhishwayo emhlabeni.
Okubalulekile ngekusasa: Izibopho zaseSpain ku-2030
ISpain ihambisana nezinjongo ze-European Union mayelana nokunciphisa ukungcola. Ngo-2030, izwe kulindeleke ukuthi lifinyelele ukuncipha 32% uma kuqhathaniswa namazinga ka-1990, unereferensi yakho I-National Integrated Energy and Climate Plan (PNIEC). Lolu hlelo futhi lubeka izinjongo ezithile zokufeza a Ama-74% okukhiqiza ugesi ohlanzekile ngalolo suku, usebenzisa imithombo efana namandla elanga nawomoya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilinganiso zeminyaka ezayo zikhomba ukukhula kwe kufika ku-60% kumthamo wamandla avuselelekayo, ehlanganisa iSpain njengelinye lamazwe ahamba phambili ekusetshenzisweni kwalobu buchwepheshe.
Isidingo soguquko oluphuthumayo emkhakheni wezokuthutha
Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu zeSpain ukufeza izinhloso zayo zokunciphisa ukungcola umkhakha wezokuthutha, ogcina ukuncika okuqinile izinto zokubasa. Naphezu kokwehla kweminye imikhakha yezimboni kanye nokwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile, ezokuthutha komoya kanye nezokuthutha zanda amafutha e-petroleum ngo-63% kusukela ngo-1990.
Umbiko ka-2023 ugqamisa ukuthi ukubhekana nalolu daba kuzodinga i-decarbonization ebanzi yomkhakha ngokukhuthaza izindlela ze ukuhamba okusimeme. Phakathi kwezixazululo ezihlongozwayo yi- ukufakwa kukagesi kwezokuthutha emgwaqeni kanye nokwenza ngcono ingqalasizinda amaphuzu wokushaja izimoto zikagesi. Ngokunjalo, izithuthi zomphakathi zithole uxhaso olunzima ukuze zikhuthaze ukusetshenziswa kwazo ezimotweni ezizimele, kodwa ukutshalwa kwezimali okwengeziwe nokuzinikela kuyadingeka ukuze kuzuzwe uguquko lwangempela.
Naphezu kwalokhu, izibopho zeSpain zihlala zifuna ukuvelela. Ngo-2050, izwe lihlose ukuzuza ukungathathi hlangothi kwe-carbon, inhloso engasho nje ukunciphisa kakhulu ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, kodwa futhi nokunxephezela lezo ezingenakuqedwa ngokugcinwa kwekhabhoni kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuthwebula.
Le mizamo isekelwa ukuqaliswa kwezinqubomgomo zokonga ugesi, ukusheshisa ukukhula kwezinto ezivuselelekayo kanye nokunciphisa ukuncika emafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, okungaphinde kuthuthukise umnotho wezwe futhi kunciphise izingozi ezihlobene nokuntengantenga kwentengo yezinto ezimbiwa phansi.
Ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa kuyinselele ethinta wonke amazwe, futhi iSpain, ngenxa yezibopho zayo nokulungiswa emikhakheni ebalulekile, iphawula indlela ebheke ekusasa elihlanzekile neliphephile ezindabeni zamandla.