I-Las amabhethri e-quantum Sekudlule isikhathi esifushane kakhulu kusukela ekubeni ngumqondo wesayensi oqanjiwe kuya ekubeni yizibonelo zangempela zelebhu. Lokho okwakuyimodeli kumabhodi amhlophe kanye nokulingisa kuze kube muva nje, manje sekuyimishini ebonakalayo ekwaziyo ukushaja, ukugcina amandla nokuwakhipha ngezikhathi ezihlukana ngokuphelele nalokho esikuqonda njengebhethri evamile.
Iqembu labacwaningi base-Australia, kanye namaqembu avela eYurophu nase-Asia, liphumelele ekuthuthukiseni isibonelo sokuqala esisebenzayo sebhethri le-quantumUhlelo oluncane olushaja ngama-femtoseconds futhi lugcine amandla ama-nanoseconds, okubonisa ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe abuyona nje inkolelo-mbono. Nakuba kusenendlela ende okufanele ihanjwe ngaphambi kokuba ikwazi ukunika amandla ifoni noma imoto, lokho osekufeziwe kuvula umnyango wokuthi ukushaja okusheshayo, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kakhulu kwizicelo zesikhathi esizayo.
Iyini ngempela ibhethri le-quantum futhi lihluke kanjani kwelejwayelekile?
Ngokungafani nebhethri le-lithium lendabuko, eligcina amandla ngenxa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okunciphisa i-oxidationIbhethri le-quantum lisekelwe emithethweni ye-quantum mechanics. Esikhundleni sokuhambisa ama-ion phakathi kwama-electrode ane-electrolyte, lisebenzisa ama-athomu, ama-molecule, amachashazi e-quantum, noma amasekethe e-superconducting njengamaseli amancane wamandla angaba khona ezimweni eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Lawa maseli e-quantum angafakwa ku- isimo sokujabula Uma zimunca amandla, isibonelo, ngesimo sama-photon okukhanya, lawo mandla agcinwa ekucushweni kwe-elekthronikhi kwesistimu, njenge-electron egxuma iye endaweni ephakeme yamandla. Kamuva, lawo mandla angakhishwa futhi, ngokuvamile ngesimo ama-photon noma ugesi wamanjekuye ngokuthi idivayisi yaklanywa kanjani.
Isihluthulelo ukuthi la mabhethri athembele ezintweni ezifana nokuthi ukubekwa phambili, ukuxhunyaniswa, kanye nokubumbana kwe-quantumEsikhundleni sokuthi iseli ngalinye lisebenze lodwa, uhlelo luziphatha njengento eyodwa, ehlanganisiwe ye-quantum. Lokhu kuziphatha okuhlangene yikho okuvula izikhathi zokushaja ezisheshayo kakhulu kanye nokusebenza kahle okunzima ukukufanisa ne-electronics yakudala.
Nakuba umthamo webhethri ojwayelekile kanye nesikhathi sokushaja kuhambisana—umthamo owengeziwe usho isikhathi esengeziwe sokuligcwalisa—, kubhethri le-quantum kuhlolwa okuphambene nalokho: Uma uhlelo lunamandla amaningi, lungakwazi ukulayisha ngokushesha.Lo mbono, obonakala ungenangqondo ekuqaleni, usekelwe emibonweni ye-quantum ehlukana nokuqonda esinakho ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke.
Omunye umehluko obalulekile ukuwohloka. Amabhethri amanje ayaguga futhi adabuke ngomjikelezo ngamunye: wona Ilahlekelwa amandla, ukumelana kwangaphakathi kuyanda Futhi kuvela izinkinga zokuphepha. Iziphakamiso zebhethri le-quantum, ngokunganciki ezinqubweni zamakhemikhali, zihlose ukwenza ukunciphisa ukuwohloka kube amazinga acishe angabi nkuluLokhu kuzoholela ekutheni amadivayisi aphile isikhathi eside kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga lamanje.
Imiqondo ebalulekile ye-quantum: i-superposition, i-entanglement, kanye ne-superabsorption
Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungani ibhethri le-quantum lingashaja ngokushesha kangaka, sidinga ukubheka imibono emithathu eyisisekelo evela ku-quantum physics: ukugoqana, ukuhileleka, kanye nemiphumela ehlangene efana nokumuncwa ngokweqileAsikho isidingo sokungena ezibalweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa udinga ukwamukela ukuthi, esikalini se-subatomic, izinto azisebenzi ngendlela efanayo nasemhlabeni we-macroscopic.
Ku-superposition, uhlelo lwe-quantum lungaba ezimweni eziningana zamandla ngesikhathi esisodwa kuze kube yilapho ilinganiswa. Lokhu kuvumela, ngokombono, ibhethri le-quantum ukuthi ligcine amandla ngohlobo lokuhlanganiswa kwamazinga amaningi wamandla ngesikhathi esisodwa, okwandisa ubuningi bamandla obungaqongelelwa ngomthamo omncane kakhulu.
Ukubhajwa kuyinto ephikisana kakhulu: izinhlayiya eziningana noma amaseli e-quantum aziphatha sengathi anjalo uhlelo olulodwa olungenakuhlukaniswaOkwenzeka kuseli elilodwa kuthinta ngokushesha ezinye, noma ngabe zihlukene. Uma kukhulunywa ngebhethri, lokhu kuvumela amaseli okugcina izinto abambisana ngesikhathi sokulayisha nokukhipha impahla, esikhundleni sokusebenza ngokuzimela.
Kulokho kubambisana kuvela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukumuncwa ngokweqileEsimisweni sakudala, uma singeza ama-molecule noma amaseli engeziwe, amandla okumunca amandla akhula ngokulandelana: kabili inani lamaseli, kabili ukumunca. Esimisweni se-quantum esihlanganisiwe nesihambisanayo, ukumunca kungakhula ngendlela... i-superlinear noma i-superextensive: njengoba inani lamaseli likhula, amandla okushaja akhula ngokushesha kunosayizi wesistimu.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi ibhethri le-quantum elikhulu lingakwazi shaja ngokushesha ngisho nangokwengeziwe kunencaneAma-molecule ayayeka ukuziphatha njengama-cubes ngamanye emvuleni kodwa esikhundleni salokho asebenza njengohlobo "lwe-supermolecule" ebamba amandla okukhanya ngokusebenza kahle okukhulu. Lolu ushintsho lwendlela yokwenza izinto olwenza lobu buchwepheshe bukhange kangaka ngamandla esikhathi esizayo.
I-prototype yokuqala esebenzayo: i-microcavity yase-Australia ephilayo
Ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kakhulu kwakho konke lokhu kuvela eqenjini eliholwa yi- UJames Quach noKieran Hymas, ehlotshaniswa ne-CSIRO kanye ne-University of Adelaide. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingana besebenza ngamamodeli kanye nama-prototype angaphelele, bakwazile ukwakha i- ibhethri le-quantum elisebenzayo elikwazi ukuqeda umjikelezo ogcwele ukushaja, ukugcina kanye nokukhipha amandla.
Idivayisi yakho isekelwe ku- i-microcavity ephilayoLokhu kungacatshangwa njengesangweji elincane lezinto ezibekwe ngokucophelela. Enhliziyweni yesistimu kukhona ungqimba oluncane kakhulu lwe- i-semiconductor yama-molecule enobunzima obuphansi ehlakazekile ku-matrix ye-polymerLolu ngqimba olusebenzayo lufakwa kusetshenziswa amasu aqondile, njengokwemboza okujikelezayo, futhi lubekwa phakathi kwezibuko ezimbili ze-dielectric ezakha umgodi wokukhanya.
Umsebenzi walo mgoqo omncane ukuphoqa ukuhlangana okuqinile phakathi kokukhanya nezintoUma ama-photon engena emgodini, abanjwa ngokugxuma phakathi kwezibuko futhi ahlangane nezimo ezijabulisayo zama-molecule ezinto eziphilayo, okubangela izimo ezixubile zezinto zokukhanya. Kulesi simo, ama-molecule ayayeka ukusebenza ngokuzimela futhi abe... shintsha futhi umunce amandla ngendlela ehlelekile.
Ekuhlolweni kwangaphambilini, leli qembu elifanayo lase livele libonisile ukuthi, lapho ukwandisa usayizi womgodi kanye nenani lama-moleculeIsikhathi sokushaja sincishisiwe ngenxa yokumuncwa kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, lawa ma-prototype ayenomkhawulo obalulekile: ayengakwazi ukukhipha amandla agciniwe bese uwaguqula abe ugesi owusizoNgamanye amazwi, bashaja, kodwa abazange basebenze njengebhethri eligcwele.
Umsebenzi omusha oshicilelwe kumagazini i-Light: Science & Applications uxazulula leyo nkinga. Ithimba lingeze izendlalelo ezengeziwe zokuthuthwa kwempahla ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo, okuvumela amandla e-excitonic ukuthi aqoqwe futhi aguqulwe abe ugesi olinganisekayo. Ngale ndlela, idivayisi ayibe "yidamu lokukhanya" nje futhi iba yi- ibhethri le-quantum elisebenzayo ekushiseni kwegumbi.
Isivinini esikhulu sokulayisha kanye nemikhawulo yamanje yesibonelo
Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu zale prototype isikhathi sayo sokushaja. Ibhethri liyashaja uma kwenzeka amasekhondi e-femtoOkusho ukuthi, ngesikhawu esilingana nengxenye eyodwa kwesigidi se-trillionth yomzuzwana. Ukuze sikunike umbono, uma singahumusha lokhu kusebenza kube yibhethri lokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke, besizokhuluma ngakho ukushaja okucishe kube ngokushesha omakhalekhukhwini, amakhompyutha noma izimoto zikagesi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isikhathi sokugcina esibonisiwe sisezingeni amasekhondi amancaneisikhathi sokushaja esicishe sibe yisigidi. UQuach uvame ukukuchaza ngesifaniso esilula: uma ibhethri lishaja ngomzuzu owodwa ngaleso sivinini esifanayo, lingakwazi gcina umthwalo iminyakaKuyindlela ecacile yokubonisa inzuzo enkulu ngokwesilinganiso phakathi kwesikhathi sokulayisha nesikhathi sokugcina, yize sisesesimisweni esincane.
Inkinga ukuthi inani eliphelele lamandla agciniwe Kusephansi kakhulu. Sikhuluma ngama-oda amakhulu ezigidigidi zama-electronvolts, okuyisibalo esizwakala sinamandla kodwa, ngokwezinto ezingokoqobo, asilutho neze. Akwanele ukunika amandla ngisho nedivayisi kagesi elula kakhulu esiyisebenzisa nsuku zonke.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqiniso lokuthi ukuhambisana kwe-quantum kulahleka kuma-nanoseconds Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa okusheshayo. Ukugcina uhlelo lwe-quantum oluhlukaniswe nokudlidliza, ukushintshashintsha kokushisa, kanye nezinkambu zangaphandle kuyinselele enkulu. Lokhu "kungavumelani" kuyisitha esikhulu sakho kokubili amabhethri e-quantum njengakumakhompyutha e-quantum, futhi kusiphoqa ukuthi sisebenze okwamanje ngezikali ezincane kakhulu nasezindaweni ezilawulwa kakhulu.
Konke lokhu kuholela abacwaningi ngokwabo ukuba baqaphele izithembiso zabo. Bayavuma ukuthi, nakuba lo mfanekiso uwubufakazi obubalulekile bomqondo, asikakuboni. amabhethri e-quantum ezimotweni zikagesi, omakhalekhukhwini noma izinhlelo zasekhayaIzinyathelo ezilandelayo zihilela ukwandisa usayizi wedivayisi, ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwesikhala, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, yandisa izikhathi zokugcina amandla ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa izinzuzo ze-superabsorption.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza eziseduze: amakhompyutha e-quantum namadivayisi anembile kakhulu
Lapho lobu buchwepheshe bungaba nomthelela osheshayo khona kusemkhakheni we- i-quantum computingLawa makhompyutha asebenza esebenzisa ama-qubit adinga ukulawulwa ngokunemba okukhulu futhi ngokuvamile emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu. Ukuba nomthombo wamandla osekelwe ku izimiso ezifanayo ze-quantum ezilawula i-logic yeprosesa zinganikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile.
Izifundo eziningana zethiyori ziphakamisa ukuthi amabhethri e-quantum angaba yi- ingxenye elahlekile yokwandisa amakhompyutha e-quantum maqondana nobukhulu obuwusizo kwezimboni. Ngokuhlinzeka ngamandla amakhulu ahambisana kahle nezimo ze-quantum zama-qubit, babengakwazi ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa, ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza nokuthuthukisa ukulawula yezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zokwenza izinto.
Ukusetshenziswa nakho kuyacatshangelwa ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukukhishwa kwamandla okusheshayo kakhulu ezilinganisweni zesikhathi ezimfushane kakhulu, njengezinhlobo ezithile zezinzwa ze-quantum, amadivayisi ezokwelapha ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, noma ngisho nokuxhumana kanye nezakhi zesathelayithi lapho isikhathi namandla eziqongweni ezimfushane kubalulekile.
Olunye uhlelo lokusebenza oluthakazelisayo oluhlolwayo yi- ukushaja okungenantambo okukudeEminye imiklamo, okuhlanganisa nesiphakamiso sakamuva saseShayina, isikisela ukusetshenziswa amasimu kazibuthe akhiqizwa ngamapayipi amancane ensimbi ngaphakathi kwebhethri ukuvumela ukushaja okungenakuthintana nokonakala okuncane. Esimweni esihle, amadivayisi anjengezindiza ezidonswayo, izimoto, noma izinzwa ezisakazwa kulo lonke idolobha angakwazi thola amandla okusebenza ngokugcwele ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuma noma ukuxhuma.
Uma sicabanga ngokugxuma kuya ezingeni elikhulu, singafinyelela eqophelweni lapho amawashi, ama-pacemaker, ama-smartphone, ama-laptop, noma izimoto Zingashaja ngemizuzwana futhi zidinga ukulungiswa okuncane phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwazo. Noma kunjalo, ochwepheshe ngokwabo bayavuma ukuthi le mibono, noma ngabe ikhangayo kangakanani, isadinga ukunqotshwa. izinselele ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe zizoba yinto evamile.
Izinselele zobuchwepheshe: ukungalingani, ukuzinza, kanye nokukhula kobuchwepheshe
Isithiyo esikhulu esibhekene namabhethri e-quantum ukugcina izimo ze-quantum ezihambisanayo isikhathi esaneleNoma yikuphi ukusebenzisana nendawo ezungezile—ukudlidliza, izinguquko zokushisa, umsindo kagesi—kungabhubhisa ukubhajwa okubucayi okwenza ukumuncwa okukhulu kwenzeke. Leyo nqubo, ukungaboni ngaso linyeLokhu kubangela ukuthi uhlelo lushintshe kusuka ekuziphatheni kwe-quantum okuhlangene luye ekuziphatheni kwakudala nokungasebenzeki kahle kakhulu.
Ezivivinyweni zamanje, izikhathi zokugcina amandla zilinganiswa ku ama-nanosecond noma ama-microsecondLokhu kwanele ukukhombisa i-physics yalesi simo, kodwa kukude kakhulu nalokho okungadingwa yidivayisi esebenzayo, njengoba kumele igcine amandla imizuzu, amahora, noma izinsuku. Ukwandisa lezi zikhathi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukuziphatha kwe-quantum okuhlangene kungenye yezindawo ezinkulu zocwaningo.
Enye inselele yile ukukala kobuchwephesheUkubambelela ngokuqinile kwezigidi noma izigidigidi zamaseli e-quantum akuyona into encane. Kudinga ukulawulwa okunamandla phezu kokwenziwa kwama-microcavities, izinto eziphilayo noma ezisebenzisa i-superconducting, kanye nokwakheka kwama-waveguides noma amasekethe. Noma yikuphi ukushiyeka noma ukungalingani kungaphula ukulingana okudingekayo ukuze uhlelo lungene ekulinganisweni. isimo esimnyama noma esimunca kakhulu oyifunayo.
Amanye amaqembu, njengalawo ase-University of Pisa noma e-PSL Research University eParis, aphenya ngokusetshenziswa kwe- amasekethe e-superconducting anokushisa okuphansi ukusebenzisa amabhethri e-quantum. Lezi zinto azinawo nhlobo ukumelana kukagesi, okusiza ukunciphisa ukulahleka. Okwamanje, iziphakamiso zabo zisalokhu zinengqondo, kodwa zinikeza izindlela zokuklama ezihlukile ngale kwama-microcavity e-organic.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona inkinga yesithathu: i ukukhiqizwa kwezimboniUkusuka kumodeli welebhu esikalini se-micrometer noma se-nanometer kuya kumadivayisi ebhizinisi ahlanganiswe kumaphaneli, ezimotweni, noma kumagridi kagesi kudinga ukuthuthukisa izinqubo zokukhiqiza eziphindaphindwayo, ezingabizi, neziqinile. Lokhu kuhilela ukuqonda ukufakwa kwefilimu encane, ukuhlanganiswa ne-elekthronikhi yakudala, kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi ye-quantum enkulu yezinto.
Umnikelo we-topology kanye neziphakamiso ezithuthuke kakhulu zethiyori
Kanye nama-prototype okuhlola, umphakathi wesayensi uthuthukisa inkolelo-mbono yokuthola imiklamo yamabhethri e-quantum. okuqinile futhi okusebenzayo ngaphansi kwezimo zangempelaIsibonelo esiyinhloko umsebenzi ohlanganyelwe we-RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing kanye ne-Huazhong University of Science and Technology eShayina, ephakamisa ukusebenzisa imiqondo ye-topology ukuthuthukisa ukudluliswa kwamandla kanye nokugcinwa kwawo.
I-Topology igatsha lezibalo elifunda izakhiwo zezinhlelo ezisebenzisa azishintshi ngaphansi kokuguquguquka okuqhubekayoIsetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ze-photonics kanye ne-quantum, ivumela ukwakheka kwezakhiwo, njenge iziqondiso zamagagasi e-photonic, lapho amandla angahamba khona ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa noma ukuhlakazeka, noma ngabe into ephakathi ayiphelele.
Ukuhlaziywa kwalaba bacwaningi kukhombisa ukuthi ibhethri le-quantum elenziwe nge- ama-photonic waveguides nama-athomu anezinga ezimbili Ingadlulisa amandla cishe ngokuphelele phakathi kwezingxenye ezahlukene zesistimu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhomba ukucushwa lapho idivayisi isebenza khona nge-inthanethi ukuzivikela ekushabalaleni, enye yezinkinga ezinkulu uma kukhulunywa ngokugcina ukuhambisana nokusebenza kahle kwe-quantum.
Umqondo uwukuthi, ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo ze-topological, kungenzeka ukufeza lokho amandla ageleza "ngeziteshi ezivikelwe" ngaphakathi kwebhethri, ukuze amaphutha, ukungcola, noma ukuhlukahluka okuncane ezintweni kube nomthelela omncane. Nakuba lokhu kuyimiphumela yemfundiso okwamanje, kunikeza Umhlahlandlela owusizo wokuklama amabhethri e-quantum e-topological yesikhathi esizayo ngezici ezingcono.
Ngokusho kombhali wokuqala walowo msebenzi, uZhi-Guang Lu, lezi ziphakamiso zisiza ukunqoba ukulinganiselwa okusebenzayo kwamabhethri e-quantum okubangelwa yi- ukudluliswa kwebanga elide kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamandlaUma le mibono ingahunyushwa elabhorethri, singabona amadivayisi okugcina amandla amancane asebenza kahle kakhulu, edlala indima ebalulekile ku amanethiwekhi ezinzwa, ama-elekthronikhi afakiwe, kanye ne-distributed quantum computing.
Umthelela ongaba khona kumandla kanye nobuchwepheshe besikhathi esizayo
Uma zonke lezi zindlela zocwaningo ziphumelela, amabhethri e-quantum anamandla okwenza guqula isitoreji samandla kokubili ngezinga elincane nelikhulu. Ekuhambeni kukagesi, isibonelo, bangavumela ukushaja imoto ngesikhathi esifana nokugcwalisa ithangi likaphethiloli, ukususa esinye sezithiyo ezinkulu zamanje ekwamukelweni kwezimoto zikagesi ngobuningi.
Kuma-electronics asetshenziswa ngabathengi, i-smartphone, i-laptop, noma i-smartwatch ingashajwa ku umbuzo wemizuzwana futhi isebenza izinsuku noma amasonto, konke ngaphandle kokonakala eminyakeni edlule. Lokhu kuzoshintsha ngokuphelele ubudlelwano bethu namadivayisi, lapho "ukukhathazeka ngebhethri" kungeke kusaba yinkinga yansuku zonke.
Emikhakheni yezimboni neyesayensi, amabhethri e-quantum angaba afanelekela izinhlelo zokunika amandla ezidinga iziqongo zamandla ezigxile kakhulu ngezikhathi ezincane: kusukela emishinini ethuthukisiwe ye-magnetic resonance kuya kuma-particle accelerator, izinhlelo zokuxhumana ngesathelayithi noma izinsimbi eziphuthumayo ezibalulekile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokunganciki ama-electrolyte avuthayo noma ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuyinkimbinkimbiLawa mabhethri azobe ephephile ngokwemvelo ekuhlulekeni, ukushisa ngokweqile, noma ukujikeleza okufushane. Futhi, kanye nethuba lokushaja okungenantambo ngama-laser noma amasimu kazibuthe, angavula umnyango ingqalasizinda yamandla angenantambo, lapho amandla egeleza khona aye kumadivayisi cishe ngokungabonakali.
Konke lokhu kunegalelo embonweni wekusasa elithembisayo. esimeme futhi ephumelelayoUhlelo lokugcina amandla olucishe luphelele, olunokulahlekelwa okuncane kanye nemijikelezo engapheli, lunganciphisa kakhulu isidingo sokukhiqiza nokuvuselela amabhethri ngezinto ezibalulekile, futhi lungafanelana kahle kakhulu ne- ukwanda kwamandla avuselelekayo, abadinga izixazululo zokugcina izinto ezisebenziseka kalula nezisheshayo.
Kodwa-ke, kuze kube namuhla, umphakathi wesayensi uqobo uphikelela ukuthi sidinga iminyaka eyishumi noma ngaphezulu ukubona ukusetshenziswa kokuqala okucacile kwezentengiselwano kwamabhethri e-quantum kumadivayisi kagesi avamile. Okwamanje, sizobona ama-prototypes ayinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, ukuthuthukiswa kwezikhathi zokugcina, kanye nemiklamo ehlanganisiwe ezihlanganisa isivinini se-quantum kanye nomthamo wamabhethri akudala.
Njengoba yonke imisebenzi eyenzeka ezindaweni zokucwaninga e-Australia, eYurophu nase-Asia, amabhethri e-quantum azibeka njengobunye bobuchwepheshe obuthembisayo kakhulu emkhakheni wamandla: insimu lapho ukukhanya, ama-athomu, kanye nezimiso ezingavamile ze-physics kuhlangana khona ukudala isimo lapho Ukushaja idivayisi kufanele kube ngokushesha futhi kungabonakali njengokuvula isibani..
