Imfuyo Sekungomunye wemisebenzi yabantu enomthelela omkhulu kwezemvelo ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yemvelo kanye nokukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa (GHG). Ngokusho kwe-FAO, i- Imfuyo imele u-14,5% wokukhishwa kwe-GHG emhlabeni jikelele, ezithinta imvelo ngokuphawulekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhuba yokulima efuywayo ibhebhethekisa le miphumela, ehambisana nokukhiqizwa kwezilwane ngobuningi kanye nesidingo esikhulu semikhiqizo yenyama.
Ngokombiko wakamuva we I-FAO, imboni yemfuyo ikhishwa minyaka yonke I-7,1 gigatonnes ye-carbon dioxide elingana, okuyi- I-15% yakho konke ukukhishwa okubangelwa imisebenzi yabantu. Okuthusa kakhulu ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yalokhu kukhishwa kwesisi kuvela ekuzalaneni nasekuphathweni okujulile kwemfuyo, imikhuba evamise ukungahlangabezani nezindinganiso zokusimama.
Imithombo eyinhloko yokukhishwa kwegesi emfuyweni
Esihlokweni esishicilelwe yi-FAO, izigaba ezehlukene zomjikelezo wempilo yokufuywa okuphehla ukukhishwa kwe-GHG zahlonzwa. Lokhu kukhishwa kuphuma ku- ukukhiqizwa nokuthuthwa kokudla kwemfuyo, ukusetshenziswa kwe amandla emapulazini futhi i ukukhishwa okubangelwa ukugaya y ukubola komquba. Ngezansi izici eziyinhloko:
- Ukukhiqizwa nokuguqulwa kwefolishi: Le nqubo inesibopho 45% wezinto ezikhishwayo, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokusetshenziswa komanyolo wamakhemikhali ukuze kutshalwe ukudla okuphakela imfuyo.
- Ukuvutshelwa kwe-Enteric: Ukugaya kwezilwane ezelusayo (izinkomo, ikakhulukazi) kunesibopho soku 39% wezinto ezikhishwayo, ngokuyisisekelo ngoba ziyakhiqiza i-methane, igesi eyingozi kakhulu kune-CO2.
- Ukubola komquba: El 10% wezinto ezikhishwayo Iqhamuka ngqo ohlelweni lokubola komanyolo, inkinga eba nkulu uma izinsiza zinganele.
Ukufuywa ngokujulile: imithelela kanye nokukhathazeka kwemvelo
ukufuywa ngokujulile Kuwuhlelo olukhiqizayo oluye lwanda emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka, ngenxa yesidingo esikhulayo sokudla okuvela ezilwaneni. Kodwa-ke, le modeli yokukhiqiza iye yagxekwa kanzima ngenxa yayo umthelela wezemvelo futhi i ukuhlukunyezwa kwezilwane lokho okukhiqizwa kwezinye izimo.
Ekufuyweni okujulile, izilwane eziningi zikhuliswa ezindaweni ezincane kusetshenziswa amasu okulima. okuphakelayo kokusebenza okuphezulu ukusheshisa ukukhula kwawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, basebenzisa ama-antibiotics kanye neminye imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali, edala izinkinga ezimbili: ukuhlukunyezwa kwezilwane kanye nokukhishwa okuphezulu kwe engcolisa imfucuza.
Imfucuza kanye nokungcola
Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu ezibhekene nokufuywa kakhulu ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi bemfuyo imfucuza, okuhlanganisa ubulongwe namanzi angcolile, okuyimithombo ukungcoliswa komoya namanzi. Ikakhulukazi, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile ama-antibiotics kanye nomanyolo ungcolisa amanzi, okuthinta ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo kwezindawo ezihlala emanzini eziseduze futhi kube negalelo ekudalweni kwe izindawo ezifile lapho ukuphila kungenzeki khona.
Ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa
La ukuvutshelwa kwe-enteric yezilwane ezifuywayo i-methane, igesi ene- greenhouse effect izikhathi ezingu-25 ezinamandla kakhulu kune-carbon dioxide. Ngokusho kwe-IPCC, i-methane imele cishe Ama-50% okukhishwa kwe-GHG wokufuywa ngokujulile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- ukufuya izingulube Iphinde ibe ngumshini omkhulu we-methane, okhiqiza u-76% wesisi esiphuma ekuphathweni komquba.
Ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kanye nokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo
Umphumela ongemuhle wokufuywa ngokujulile yi ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ekhiqizwe ukuze kwandiswe umhlaba omiselwe amadlelo noma izilimo zokudla. Ngokusho kwe-FAO, I-70% yamazwe agawuliwe eLatin America Aye aguqulwa enziwa amadlelo nezilimo zokondla imfuyo.
Lona ukulahlekelwa kwe-ecosystems kunomthelela omubi ku eziphilayo, njengoba izilwane nezitshalo eziningi zilahlekelwa indawo yazo yemvelo, okufaka ukuphila kwazo engozini.
Ezinye izindlela ezisimeme zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni
Naphezu kwezinkinga ezikhonjiwe, i I-FAO nezinye izinhlangano ziphakamisa ezinye izindlela ukunciphisa kuze kufike 30% wezinto ezikhishwayo ekhiqizwa imfuyo. Izenzo ezilandelayo zigqanyisiwe njengezixazululo ezingaba khona:
- Thuthukisa ukuphathwa komquba: Thuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obuvumela ukubola komquba ngaphandle kokukhiqiza izinto ezikhishwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i ukugaya kwe-anaerobic ingakhiqiza i-biogas.
- Khulisa ukuphakelwa kwemfuyo: Yondla izilwane ngeforage eyenza ukuvutshelwa okuncane kwe-enteric futhi kunciphise ukukhishwa kwe-methane.
- Ukunciphisa imfucuza: Ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle ekukhiqizweni kokudla kanye nezokuthutha ukuze kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza.
Ukuqaliswa kwalezi zinyathelo, kanye nokusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele kwabantu, kunganciphisa umthelela wokufuywa kwemfuyo futhi kube nomthelela esimweni sokungcoliswa okuncane. Ukwamukela amasu e-agroecology, ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kwezinsiza kanye nokulawulwa kokulahlwa kwemfucuza, kubalulekile ukuze kuzuzwe izinjongo zesimo sezulu kanye nokunciphisa ukufudumala komhlaba.