Ukukhathalela ukongiwa nokuvikelwa kwemvelo bekulokhu kuyindaba ebaluleke kakhulu kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-20. Ngokuthuthuka kwenguquko yezimboni, abantu baqala ukuthola ukuthi imisebenzi yabo yayinethonya elibi emhlabeni. Akukhona nje kuphela mayelana nokuxhashazwa kwemithombo yemvelo, kodwa futhi mayelana negesi ekhishwayo kanye nokuphumayo okulimaza umkhathi, inhlabathi kanye namanzi. Lokhu kuqwashisa sekuholele ekwakhiweni kwezinhlelo zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana ne Isivumelwano seKyoto okuhloswe ngayo ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi angcolisayo.
Lezi zivumelwano zaziklanyelwe ukumisa inani lamagesi akhishwa emkhathini ngamazwe anezimboni kakhulu, okuyiwona abangela ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke okuthinta iplanethi yonke. Kulesi sihloko sizophendula imibuzo ebalulekile efana nalena: Iyini i-Kyoto Protocol? Yini ozama ukuyizuza? Imaphi amazwe akugunyazile futhi yiziphi izibopho azithatha?
Umphumela wokushisa nokushisa kwesimo sezulu
Ukuze uqonde inhloso ye-Kyoto Protocol, kubalulekile ukuqonda imiphumela engemihle yokukhishwa kwegesi emkhathini, ikakhulukazi. abamba ukushisa. Lesi simo siqukethe ikhono lamagesi athile (njenge-carbon dioxide, i-methane ne-nitrous oxide) okugcina ukushisa emkhathini, okubangela ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa leplanethi.
Umphumela wegreenhouse ungokwemvelo futhi uyadingeka empilweni yasemhlabeni, njengoba ngaphandle kwawo amazinga okushisa engaba cishe -88 degrees Celsius. Nokho, inkinga ilele ku- ukwanda ngokweqile ngalo mphumela ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu, ikakhulukazi leyo etholakala ekushisweni kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nezinqubo zezimboni.
Lokhu kunyuka kwezinga lokushisa kushintsha ibhalansi yesimo sezulu, kukhiqize lokho esikwaziyo namuhla ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, okunemiphumela elimazayo, njengokuncibilika kwezigxobo, ukukhuphuka kwamazinga olwandle, isomiso esibi kakhulu, phakathi kwezinye izenzakalo.
El Isivumelwano seKyoto yadalwa ngenhloso enkulu yokunciphisa lesi sisi esingcolisa umoya (i-GHG) ukuze kwehliswe futhi kubuyiselwe emuva imiphumela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Kungelinye lamathuluzi omhlaba abaluleke kakhulu ekulweni nokushisa komhlaba.
Isivumelwano saseKyoto
El Isivumelwano seKyoto samukelwa ngo-December 11, 1997 eKyoto, eJapane, futhi saqala ukusebenza ngo-February 16, 2005. Kuyisivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe esibophezela ngokomthetho amazwe anezimboni (okukhulunywe ngaso kuSithasiselo I seSivumelwano) ukuba anciphise ukukhishwa kwawo kwamagesi abamba ukushisa . Lesi sivumelwano siyingxenye yeNgqungquthela YeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu (i-UNFCCC) futhi ithathwa njengesinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu ekulweni nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke.
Le nqubo yomthetho isungule izibopho eziqondile zamazwe athuthuke kakhulu, ithatha isibopho esikhethekile sokuba abakhiqizi abakhulu ngenxa yemisebenzi yabo yezimboni. Ngalesi sivumelwano, amazwe azibophezele ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwawo kwamagesi ayisithupha abangela umphumela we-greenhouse: i-carbon dioxide, i-methane, i-nitrous oxides, ama-hydrofluorocarbon, ama-perfluorocarbon kanye ne-sulphur hexafluoride.
Isikhathi sokuqala sokuzibophezela saqala ngo-2008 saya ku-2012. Ngalesi sikhathi, amazwe ase-Annex I azibophezele ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwawo ngesilinganiso esingu-5.2% uma kuqhathaniswa namazinga ka-1990.
Izinjongo ze-Kyoto Protocol
Inhloso enkulu ye Isivumelwano seKyoto owokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa ayisithupha (GHG) ahlonzwe njengabangela ukusheshisa kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke amazwe okumele anciphise ukukhishwa kwawo ngesilinganiso esifanayo, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni komgomo we izibopho ezijwayelekile kodwa ezehlukene.
Lo mgomo usho ukuthi amazwe amaningi athuthukile kanye nalawo aneminotho enekhabhoni ephezulu, njenge-European Union, Canada kanye neJapan, kumele enze izibopho ezithe xaxa zokunciphisa, kuyilapho amazwe asathuthuka enendawo eyengeziwe yokwandisa intuthu ekhishwayo ngenxa yesidingo sokuthuthukisa umnotho wawo izimo.
- Amazinga okunciphisa: Amazinga athile okunciphisa asungulelwa amazwe athile. Isibonelo, i-European Union kwadingeka yehlise ukukhishwa kwayo ngo-8%, iJapane ngo-6%, kanti iRussia kwadingeka iqinise amazinga ayo ngaphandle kokuwanyusa.
- Umgomo womhlaba: Ukuzuza ukuncipha okuhlanganyelwe okungenani okungu-5.2% ezikhiqizweni zomhlaba wonke uma kuqhathaniswa namazinga ka-1990.
Izici ze-Kyoto Protocol
El Isivumelwano seKyoto inikeze amazwe izindlela ezahlukene zokuhlangabezana nemigomo yokunciphisa ukungcola. Phakathi kwazo:
- Carbon uyacwila: Amazwe angafinyelela imigomo yawo ngokwandisa umthamo walokho okubizwa ngokuthi osinki bekhabhoni, njengamahlathi, adonsa isikhutha emkhathini. Lawa masinki angaba phakathi kwezwe ngokwalo nakwamanye amazwe.
- Ukuhweba okukhishwayo: Uhlelo lokuhweba nge-GHG emissions lwakhiwa lapho amazwe ezeqa izinhloso zawo zokunciphisa akwazi ukuthengisa izinsalela zawo kulawo ahlulekayo ukuhlangabezana nezinjongo zawo. Lolu hlelo luvumela ukuguquguquka nokusebenza kahle ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni.
- Indlela yokuthuthukisa ehlanzekile: Amazwe athuthukile angakwazi ukwenza amaphrojekthi emazweni asathuthuka ukuze anciphise ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni futhi ngaleyo ndlela athole amakhredithi ekhabhoni abalelwa kumgomo wawo wokunciphisa.
Ukushiyeka kwesivumelwano saseKyoto
Naphezu kwemizamo, i Isivumelwano seKyoto iye yagxekwa ngokungabi nesifiso sokugwema ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okuyinhlekelele. Kunezici ezimbalwa ezibe nomthelela ekukhawulweni kwayo:
- Isikhathi sokuqala somthetho olandelwayo (2008-2012) sihlanganisa kuphela u-30% wezinto ezikhishwayo emhlabeni wonke, kushiya ngaphandle imibhobho emikhulu efana ne-United States, engazange ivume umthetho olandelwayo, kanye namazwe asathuthuka njenge-China ne-India, okwakungadingeki. ukuthobela.
- Nakuba amazwe amaningi ekwazile ukunciphisa ukungcola, kwezinye izimo kwakungenxa yokuwohloka komnotho, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuhlakazwa kweSoviet Union, kunangenxa yokuqaliswa kwezinqubomgomo ezisimeme.
- Umthetho olandelwayo awuzange umise unswinyo olubophezelayo emazweni angazange ahambisane nezibopho zawo, okuvumela ezinye izifundazwe ukuthi zehluleke ukuthobela ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi.
- Ukukhishwa kwegesi emhlabeni wonke kwaqhubeka nokukhula kukonke, ngenxa enkulu yokwanda kwesisi esingcolisa umoya emazweni asathuthuka nasathuthuka okwakungadingeki ukuba kwehliswe.
Naphezu kwalokhu kushiyeka, iSivumelwano sase-Kyoto sabeka isisekelo sezivumelwano zesikhathi esizayo ezinombono omkhulu, njengeSivumelwano sase-Paris sowezi-2015, esihlose ukubandakanya wonke amazwe ekwehliseni intuthu engcolisayo.
Uma sibheka phambili, imigomo yokunciphisa isibe yisifiso esikhulu. I-Protocol ibe ngesinye sezinyathelo zokuqala ekuqwashiseni umhlaba wonke mayelana nesidingo sokulwa nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.