Umqondo we shintsha isitini sendabuko Sekuyisikhathi eside lokhu kusezingqondweni zonjiniyela, abaklami bezakhiwo, kanye nosomabhizinisi emhlabeni wonke. Izitini zobumba kanye nokhonkolo kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha esimanje, kodwa ithonya labo lemvelo kanye namandla seliyinkinga enkulu engasakwazi ukunakwa.
Kulesi simo, kuye kwavela ezinye izixazululo, futhi esinye esithola ukuvelela yilesi izitini zepulasitiki eziphinde zasetshenziswaKusetshenziswa imfucuza eyayigcina itholakala ezindaweni zokulahla udoti noma ezindaweni zokushisa, izinhlelo ezahlukahlukene e-Afrika naseLatin America zakha amabhlogo ajwayelekile, izindlela zokuhamba ngezinyawo, kanye nezinhlelo zokwakha eziphelele ezihlose ukuba zishibhile, zisheshe ukuhlanganiswa, futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, zingangcolisi kakhulu.
Ziyini izitini zepulasitiki eziphinde zasetshenziswa futhi kungani zithola ukuthandwa?
Umqondo ulula: sebenzisa imfucuza yepulasitiki enomthamo omkhulu (izitsha, izikhwama, amabhodlela okuhlanza, imfucuza yezimboni) ukuze ziguqulwe zibe yizingxenye zokwakha ezingathatha indawo yezitini ezivamile kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. Isihluthulelo ukuhlanganisa le pulasitiki nezinye izinto, njengesihlabathi, nokubeka ingxube ezinqubweni zokushisa nokucindezela ezilawulwayo.
Izinkampani ezikhiqiza lezi zisebenza kakade eKenya, eColombia naseBrazil. amabhlogo axhumene enziwe ngepulasitiki ephinde yasetshenziswaokwazi ukwakha izindonga, izindawo zokuhamba ngezinyawo, ifenisha yasemgwaqweni, noma izakhi zengqalasizinda. Nakuba iphrojekthi ngayinye isebenzisa ifomula yayo, kuzo zonke izimo kudingeka ibhalansi phakathi kokumelana nomshini, ukuzinza kokushisa, isivinini sokuhlanganiswa, kanye nokuphila kahle kwezomnotho.
Lolu hlobo lwezitini aluhlose nje ukunciphisa izindleko zokwakha, kodwa futhi ukwethula amathani epulasitiki kumjikelezo wokukhiqiza okwamanje ezingafakwanga ezinhlelweni zokuvuselela kabusha. Akuyona ikhambi elimangalisayo lenkinga yomhlaba wonke yemfucuza, kodwa likhomba ukusetshenziswa okunenani eliphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokunye ukusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, eziningi zalezi zinhlelo zihlanganisa ingxenye eqinile yomphakathi: Bakhiqiza imisebenzi emiphakathini esengoziniBakhokhela ipulasitiki eqoqwe kuma-cooperative kanye nakwabasebenzisa kabusha izinto ezingekho emthethweni, futhi bahlanganiswa namaphrojekthi ezindlu zomphakathi noma ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo eziseduze.
Imodeli yaseKenya: izitini zepulasitiki nesihlabathi sokugandaya kanye nemisebenzi yasemadolobheni
ENairobi, unjiniyela wezinto zokwakha Nzambi Matee Wethula inkampani iGjenge Makers ngombono obonakala ulula: ukuguqula ipulasitiki elahliwe edolobheni ngezitini nezingcezu zokusetshenziswa emadolobheni. Inhloko-dolobha yaseKenya ibhekene nenani elikhulu lemfucuza, futhi ingxenye enkulu yepulasitiki ayingeni ngisho nasezindleleni zokuvuselela kabusha ezivamile.
Uhlelo lwe-Gjenge Makers lusekelwe engxubeni ye ipulasitiki echotshoziwe nesihlabathi okufudunyezwayo nokucindezelwa kuze kutholakale amabhlogo aqinile. Ngokusebenza ngezilinganiso ezinembile kakhulu, ithimba lifinyelele izingcezu, ngokusho kwedatha yalo, ezingaba namandla aphindwe kahlanu kunezitini zendabuko, ezinokuguquguquka okuthile okusiza ukunciphisa ukubonakala kwemifantu ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke.
Inqubo ilungiswe ngokuzama namaphutha. Okokuqala, kukhethwa amapulasitiki avamile njenge-HDPE, i-LDPE, kanye ne-PP—akhona ku- izikhwama zokuthenga, izimbozo, izitsha zokuhlanza, izintambo noma amabhakede—, ziyahlanzwa futhi zichotshozwe, bese zixutshwa nesihlabathi ngobuningi obubalwe. Lesi sigaxa sifakwa kumshini wokukhipha, lapho sishiswa khona kuze kube yilapho ipulasitiki incibilika, kodwa ngaphandle kokuwohloka ngamakhemikhali.
Uma ingxube isincibilikile, ithululelwa ezikhumbeni bese umshini wokucindezela we-hydraulic ucindezela izintoukwandisa ubuningi bese kuyinika isimo sayo sokugcina. Lapho amabhlogo epholile, ayasuswa esikhumbeni futhi alungele ukusetshenziswa njengamatshe okugandaya, amathayili, izingcezu zokugandaya, noma izinto zokuhlobisa ngemibala ehlukene.
Ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe, lezi zitini ziveza ukumelana okukhulu kokushisaNjengoba inezindawo zokuncibilika ezingaphezu kuka-350°C, imelana kahle nokushisa emigwaqweni nasezindleleni zokuhamba ezivezwe kakhulu elangeni. Ukuqina kwayo kunciphisa ukuthambekela kokuqhekeka ngenxa yokwanda nokufinyela kwezinto eziqinile.
Amalayisense asemthethweni kanye nokufinyelela komphakathi kwezitini zaseKenya
Esinye sezithiyo ezinkulu ngezinto eziningi ezihlukile ukuthi, nakuba zisebenza ephepheni, Abanayo imvume yokulawula. ukuze isetshenziswe kumaphrojekthi okwakha angempela. Endabeni ye-Gjenge Makers, inkampani ithole ilayisensi evela kwi-Kenya Bureau of Standards, evumela ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zitini zepulasitiki ezisetshenziswe kabusha kumaphrojekthi asemadolobheni nasezindaweni zokuhlala ngaphakathi kwezwe.
Ukuvunyelwa komthetho kushintsha indlela ubuchwepheshe obubhekwa ngayo: akube yisivivinyo esithakazelisayo futhi kuba umkhiqizo ogunyaziwe wokwakhaenekhono lokuncintisana ezinkontilekeni zomphakathi nezangasese. Njengamanje, isetshenziswa kakhulu ekugayweni kwemigwaqo, izindlela zokuhamba ngezinyawo, ama-patio, izindawo zokupaka izimoto, kanye nezinye izindawo zangaphandle.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa zivela kakhulu ku- imifudlana kadoti okunzima ukuyiphinda isetshenzisweNgakho-ke, lo msebenzi awukhiqizi nje kuphela izinto ezintsha, kodwa futhi uphambukisa ingxenye yepulasitiki eyinkinga kakhulu ezindaweni zokulahla udoti. Kusukela ngo-2020, inkampani ithi isebenzise kabusha cishe amathani angu-200 emfucuza yepulasitiki ngendlela yamabhulokhi nezingcezu zasemadolobheni.
Umthelela awugcini nje ngokuba khona kwezemvelo. I-Gjenge Makers iveza ukuthi umsebenzi wayo udala ukuqashwa okuqondile nokungaqondile kwamakhulu abantuIningi labo ngabesifazane nentsha abavela emiphakathini enamathuba emisebenzi alinganiselwe. Uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka luhlanganisa konke kusukela ekuqoqeni nasekuhlungeni ipulasitiki kuya ekukhiqizeni nasekufakeni imikhiqizo.
Empeleni, iphrojekthi itholakala endaweni lapho kuhlangana khona umnotho ojikelezayo, ukuhlela amadolobha okusimeme kanye nokubandakanywa komphakathiNakuba umthamo ewuphathayo usencane uma kuqhathaniswa nobukhulu benkinga yepulasitiki yomhlaba wonke, kusebenza njengobufakazi bokuthi imfucuza enenani eliphansi ingaguqulwa ibe yingqalasizinda ewusizo ngokuqinisekiswa okusemthethweni.
I-Colombia: Izindlu ezakhiwe ngezitini zepulasitiki ezisetshenzisiwe
Ngesikhathi beseKenya bagxila ezindleleni zokuhamba kanye nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni, eColombia inkampani Imiqondo Yepulasitiki usungule uhlelo lokwakha lwe- izindlu ezisimeme Kusekelwe kumabhulokhi epulasitiki asetshenziswe kabusha ahlanganiswe njengesethi yokwakha. Umgomo ukunikeza izindlu ezisheshe zihlanganiswe, ezingabizi futhi ezisebenza kahle ekushiseni.
Lo msebenzi waqala ngesikhathi unjiniyela uFernando Llanos ezama ukwakha indlu yakhe eCundinamarca futhi wabhekana nobunzima obukhulu bokuthutha izinto ezivela eBogotá. Le nkinga esebenzayo yahambisana nezifundo zomklami wezakhiwo u-Óscar Méndez, owayecwaninge ngokwakhiwa kwendlu. ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki ephinde yasetshenziswa ekwakheni ngesikhathi sethisisi yakhe yaseyunivesithi.
Kulowo mhlangano kwavela uhlelo olusekelwe ku- amabhlogo epulasitiki asetshenziswe kabusha ahlanganisiwe Zihlangana ndawonye ngaphansi kwengcindezi, njengezingcezu zomdlalo wezingane odumile. Isitini ngasinye sinesisindo esingamakhilogremu amathathu, esicishe sibe yisisindo sesitini sobumba, kodwa ukwakheka kwaso kuvumela ukusheshisa okukhulu kokwakhiwa.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa zivela kokubili abasebenzisa kabusha imfucuza yasemadolobheni kanye nabasebenzisa kabusha imfucuza yezimboniIzinto ziyahlanzwa, zichotshozwe, bese zifakwa enkambisweni yokukhipha. Ipulasitiki encibilikisiwe bese ithululelwa ezikhumbeni ezithile ezibumba amabhlogo, zilungele ukufakwa ndawonye ngaphandle kwesidingo sodaka oluningi.
Ngaphezu kokulula kwazo nokuhlanganiswa kalula, lezi zitini zepulasitiki eziphinde zasetshenziswa zinezakhiwo i-thermoacoustic kanye nokumelana ivumelaniswe nemithetho yaseColombia, okuhlanganisa nezithasiselo ezithiba ukusha kanye nokuziphatha kokuzamazama komhlaba ngokuhambisana nezidingo zezwe lase-Andean.
Izindlu ezinsukwini ezinhlanu kanye namaphrojekthi ezimo eziphuthumayo kusetshenziswa amathani angu-200 epulasitiki
Enye yezinzuzo ezinkulu zohlelo lwaseColombia isikhathi sokwakha. Ngokusho kwedatha ekhishwe yinkampani uqobo kanye nabezindaba abakhethekile, indlu eyisisekelo cishe Amamitha ayisikwele angama-40Njengoba inamakamelo okulala amabili, igumbi lokuphumula, ikhishi, igumbi lokudlela kanye negumbi lokugezela, ingakhiwa nxazonke izinsuku ezinhlanu nethimba labantu abane.
Izindleko ezilinganisiwe zendlu yalobukhulu cishe ziseduze Amadola ka-6.800Lokhu kwenza kube yindlela yokuncintisana esikhundleni sokwakha okuvamile, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zezindlu zomphakathi noma ezimweni zokusabela eziphuthumayo. Ukuguquguquka kwenza kube lula ukuhlanganisa futhi kunciphisa isidingo sabasebenzi abanamakhono aphezulu.
Le ndlela isivele isetshenziswe kumaphrojekthi angempela. E-Guapi, emnyangweni we-Cauca, i-Conceptos Plásticos ibambisene ne- UMkhandlu Wababaleki WaseNorway Ekwakhiweni kwezindawo zokukhosela zesikhashana zemindeni exoshwe yizimpi, isibonelo esicacile sendlela izitini zepulasitiki ezisetshenziswe kabusha ezingasekela ngayo izimpendulo ezisheshayo ezimweni zobuthakathaka.
Ngo nje Indlu yokuhlala yemindeni engu-42 yakhiwa ngezinsuku ezingu-28.kusetshenziswa amathani angaphezu kuka-200 epulasitiki ephinde yasetshenziswa. Ngaphezu kokunikeza indawo yokuhlala, iphrojekthi yanikeza ithuba lokukhipha inqwaba yemfucuza ebingagcina isendaweni yokulahla udoti noma endaweni yemvelo.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseColombia kubonisa ukuthi izitini zepulasitiki zingahlanganiswa izinhlelo zezindlu zomphakathi, ukuhlaliswa kabusha kanye nokwakhiwa kabushaUkuhlanganisa isivinini sokusebenza, ukunciphisa izindleko kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemfucuza, yize kuhlala kungaphakathi kwemingcele yokuphakama kanye nokusetshenziswa echazwe uhlelo lwe-modular uqobo.
IBrazil: Izindlu ezifana neLego kanye nezicelo zezimboni ezinamabhulokhi epulasitiki
EBrazil, enye inkampani ithathe isinyathelo esiqhubekayo sokucabanga ngezitini zepulasitiki ezisetshenziswe kabusha, yathuthukisa uhlelo lwebhulokhi oluxhumene Ihlose ukusebenza njengesethi enkulu yokwakha, efana neyomuntu siqu. Njengoba inezingcezu ezingaba ngu-4.000, kungenzeka ukwakha indlu engamamitha-skwele angaba ngu-48 ngehora elilodwa.
Umenzi uguqula ipulasitiki eqoqwe yi- ama-cooperatives kanye nama-NGO asebenzisa kabusha kumabhulokhi okunemba kwezimboni. Izinto ziyasikwa, zishiswe zifike ngaphezu kuka-200°C, bese zifakwa ezikhumbeni ezidala izingxenye ezilingana kahle kakhulu. Amabhulokhi amnyama, isibonelo, atholakala ngokuhlanganisa amapulasitiki anemibala ehlukahlukene futhi enzelwe ukwakhiwa okuzogcina kufakwe indwangu yangaphandle.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwenziwa esisekelweni sikakhonkolo, lapho kulungiswa khona amaphrofayili ensimbi ahlanganisiwe amukelayo imigoqo yensimbi eqondileLezi zinduku zigijima emabhulokini kusukela phansi kuya ophahleni, zibambe sonke isakhiwo ndawonye ngesistimu yokuqinisa ecindezela yonke futhi ithuthukise ukuqina kwayo.
Izitini zepulasitiki eziphinde zasetshenziswa zibekwa phezu komunye nomunye ohlelweni lwe- ibhlogo elixhumene, elingenalo udakangakho-ke izindonga zingakhiwa emahoreni ambalwa nje. Izintambo zikagesi zifakwa ngaphakathi kwamabhulokhi ngaphambi kokuba izindonga zivaliwe, okwenza umsebenzi ube lula futhi kunciphisa isikhathi sokujaha nokuqeda.
Umphumela uba yindlu, ngokusho kwezikhulu zenkampani, engenazo izinkinga zomswakama—njengoba yenziwe ngezinto ezisetshenziswa Ayimunci amanzi— futhi lokho kugcina ukusebenza kahle kokushisa ngenxa yezikhala zangaphakathi kubhulokhi ngayinye, ezidala amakamelo omoya kanye nomphumela womoya wohlobo lwe-"chimney" lapho ilanga lishisa ama-facade.
Kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwezindlu kuya engqalasizinda engaphansi komhlaba kanye nefenisha
Ukuguquguquka kwalezi zitini zepulasitiki ezisetshenziswe kabusha zaseBrazil kuye kwavumela ukusetshenziswa kwazo ukuthi kudlulele ngale kwezindlu zabantu abahola kancane. Lolu hlelo lusetshenziswe ku- izindlu ezisezingeni eliphezuluizindiza zezimboni ezidinga ukulawulwa kokushisa okuhle kakhulu, futhi muva nje, ezingqalasizinda ezingaphansi komhlaba zamanethiwekhi kagesi, ezokuhlanzeka kanye nedatha.
Le nkampani ikhiqiza amabhokisi okuhlangana epulasitiki asetshenziswe kabusha Ngenxa yomklamo wazo olula futhi olula, zisebenza kahle kakhulu ngokwezinto zokwakha kunezinye ezisebenza ngokhonkolo. Lapho iloli lingangena khona amayunithi amabili kuphela kakhonkolo, amabhokisi amaningi epulasitiki angathuthwa, okunciphisa izindleko zokuhamba nokufakwa.
Emkhakheni wezindlu zokuhlala, ubuchwepheshe obufanayo busetshenziswe ekukhiqizweni kwe Amaphaneli ohlobo lwe-MDF enziwe ngepulasitiki ephinde yasetshenziswaLawa mabhodi, anobukhulu obungaba amamilimitha angu-18, awavuvukali noma agobe ezindaweni ezinomswakama, okwenza afaneleke ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezisogwini noma emakamelweni afana nezindlu zangasese namagumbi okuwasha izingubo.
Ziyakhiqizwa futhi izembozo zodonga ezilingisa itshe noma imabulaIzinto zokuvimbela amachibi namachibi okubhukuda kanye nezitsha ezisebenza njengezindawo zokwakha, konke okuvela ekugelezeni okufanayo kwemfucuza yepulasitiki, ngaphandle kwalolu hlobo lwephrojekthi, obekuzoqhubeka nokuqongelela ezindaweni zokulahla udoti.
Ngemuva kwebhulokhi ngayinye kukhona uchungechunge lwenani lomphakathi: ipulasitiki ithengwa kuma-cooperatives kanye nezinhlangano eziziphilisa ngokuqoqwa kwemfucuza, okukhiqiza imali engenayo eqondile yemiphakathi yokuvuselela kabusha futhi kuqinisa ubukhulu bezenhlalo balobu buchwepheshe bokwakha.
Izinselele eYurophu kanye nokufaneleka okungenzeka eSpain
Impumelelo yalezi zinhlobo eKenya, eColombia naseBrazil iphakamisa umbuzo ocacile: kungakanani okungaba khona lungisa isitini sepulasitiki esiphinde sasetshenziswa ezinhlakeni zomthetho kanye nemakethe yokwakha eSpain nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu? Izwekazi linemithetho eqinile kakhulu mayelana nezinto zokwakha, ukuphepha komlilo kanye nokusebenza kwesakhiwo.
Noma yiluphi uhlelo olusekelwe kumabhulokhi epulasitiki asetshenziswe kabusha olufuna ukungena emakethe yaseYurophu kuzodingeka lunqobe ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwamandla okusebenza, ukuqina, ukusabela kanye nokumelana nomlilokanye nokukhombisa ukusebenza kwayo ngaphansi kwemithwalo yomoya, ukuzamazama komhlaba—lapho kufanele khona—kanye nokushintshashintsha kokushisa. Okuhlangenwe nakho kweKenya ngelayisensi esemthethweni kubonisa ukuthi le ndlela iyasebenza, kodwa idinga isikhathi nezinsizakusebenza.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iYurophu isivele inengqalasizinda ye- ukuphinda usebenzise ipulasitiki okuthuthukisiwe kakhuluNakuba kunganele. Ukufaka okunye kwalokhu kungcola ezintweni zokwakha kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukuthembela ezintweni zokusetshenziswa ezingasetshenzisiwe futhi kuthuthukise amazinga okusebenzisa kabusha asebenzayo, uma nje izinkinga ezifana nokukhishwa kwe-microplastics noma ubunzima bokuphatha ekupheleni kokuphila kwesakhiwo zigwenywa.
Esimweni esithile saseSpain, lapho ukwakhiwa kwezitini nokhonkolo kusalokhu kuyinhloko, izitini zepulasitiki ezisetshenziswe kabusha zingathola imakethe. ama-niches esicelo esithile: izindlela zasemadolobheni, izinto ezilula ze-modular, izixazululo zezindlu zesikhashana noma eziphuthumayo, noma amaphrojekthi okuhlola ezindlu zomphakathi ngokubambisana nohulumeni bomphakathi.
Ngaphandle kokusebenziseka kobuchwepheshe, kukhona nokumelana kwemboni ejwayele izinhlelo ezizinzile ezinezindleko eziphansi zamayunithi. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwamazwe ngamazwe kubonisa ukuthi, noma ngabe umkhiqizo usebenza, Ukwamukelwa kwenqwaba kuncike kakhulu ezibalweni zomnotho kanye nezintshisekelo zomkhakha kanye nekhono lezixazululo ezintsha lokuhlanganiswa nochungechunge lwenani olukhona.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kweKenya, iColombia, neBrazil kubonisa ukuthi Izitini zepulasitiki ezisetshenziswe kabusha aziseyona nje into ethakazelisayo elebhu ukuze babe izixazululo zangempela ezilungisa imigwaqo, zakha izindlu, futhi zakha ingqalasizinda. Kusalokhu kungabaza mayelana nokukhula kwazo emhlabeni wonke kanye nokuhambisana kwazo nemithethonqubo enzima njengaleyo yaseYurophu, kodwa sezivele zibonisile ukuthi kungenzeka ukuguqula umkhiqizo oyinkinga ube umthombo owusizo, udale amathuba emisebenzi futhi unikeze ezinye izindlela ezisheshayo nezihlanzekile esikhundleni sokwakha kwendabuko.