Eminyakeni yamuva, intengo kagesi eSpain ifinyelele emazingeni angakaze abonwe, okubangele ukukhathazeka ezigidini zemizi nezinkampani. Okwake kwabonakala njengebhili likagesi elilawulekayo manje sekumele enye yezindleko ezinkulu kusabelomali sakho sanyanga zonke. Umbuzo abaningi abawubuzayo uthi: Kungani isikweletu sikagesi singayeki ukunyuka eSpain? Izizathu ziningi, kodwa zihlobene kakhulu nezici zamazwe ngamazwe, ukwakheka kwemakethe yamandla kanye nezinqubomgomo zemvelo. Okulandelayo, sizochaza izimbangela eziyinhloko nokuthi intengo kagesi incike kangakanani ukuze siqonde lesi simo nokuthi singabhekana kanjani nale nselele.
Intengo kagesi incike kuphi?
Intengo kagesi ayiphenduli esicini esisodwa, kodwa ihambisana neziguquguqukayo ezihlukahlukene ezisebenzisanayo. Phakathi kokuphawuleka kakhulu yizindleko ze igesi yemvelo futhi we Ukukhishwa kwe-CO2, isidingo samandla ngezikhathi ezithile kanye nomthelela we- amandla avuselelekayo. Ezinye izici ezibalulekile yimithetho kahulumeni, ukwakhiwa kwezidingo kanye nezidingo emakethe kanye nezici ze-geopolitical, njengempi phakathi kweRussia ne-Ukraine. Ngezansi, sibheka lezi zici ngokuningiliziwe nokuthi zithinta kanjani inani lokugcina esiyikhokhayo inyanga ngayinye.
1. Ukwenyuka kwentengo yegesi yemvelo
El igesi yemvelo Ingenye yemithombo esetshenziswa kakhulu ukukhiqiza ugesi ngokusebenzisa i imijikelezo ehlanganisiwe. Lapho intengo yegesi ikhuphuka ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe, intengo kagesi nayo iyakhuphuka. Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu kukhuphuka kwentengo ukuphazamiseka kokuhlinzekwa okuvela eRussia ngenxa yokungqubuzana ne-Ukraine, okubangele ukuthi iYurophu, kuhlanganise neSpain, incike kwabanye abahlinzeki ababiza kakhulu njenge-Algeria. Ngenxa yalokho, igesi isifikile ukudlula Ama-euro angama-200 MWh ngayinye ngezinye izikhathi ngonyaka odlule.
2. Umthelela wemakethe kagesi ebekwe eceleni
Uhlelo lwentengo kagesi eSpain lulandela imodeli obeka eceleni, lapho ubuchwepheshe obubiza kakhulu obuqala ukusebenza ukuze buhlangabezane nesidingo yibo obusungula intengo yokugcina. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba ingxenye enkulu kagesi ikhiqizwa ngamandla avuselelekayo, intengo yegesi, ebiza kakhulu, egcina inquma izindleko ezikhokhelwa abathengi. Ngamanye amazwi, nakuba ingxenye enkulu kagesi ivela emithonjeni eshibhile njengomoya noma ilanga, uma isidingo sidinga ukusebenzisa imijikelezo ehlanganisiwe, izindleko zokukhipha zizoba phezulu kakhulu.
3. Ukwenyuka kwezindleko zokukhishwa kwe-CO2
Ukuze kuliwe nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, i-European Union isebenzise a Amalungelo okukhishwa kwe-CO2. Izitshalo ezithembele emafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi njengegesi noma amalahle kufanele zikhokhele ithani ngalinye lesikhutha eziwukhiphayo. Lawa malungelo abize kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, futhi izindleko zeqile Ama-euro angama-90 ngethani. Njengegesi, lokhu kwenyuka kunomthelela oqondile ezikweletini zabathengi.
4. Isidingo esikhulu sikagesi
Isidingo sikagesi singesinye isici esibalulekile. Ngesikhathi sokushisa noma amagagasi abandayo, lapho ukusetshenziswa kwe-air conditioning noma ukushisa kukhuphuka, abasabalalisi kufanele bakhiqize ugesi owengeziwe ukuze uhlangabezane nesidingo, okunyusa amanani. Lesi simo sibonwa kakhulu phakathi namahora aphakeme kakhulu, lapho ukusetshenziswa kukagesi kuphezulu, okungahumushela izindleko eziphezulu.
Kungani isikweletu sikagesi silokhu sikhuphuka eSpain
Isamba sazo zonke lezi zici sesenze isivunguvungu esiphelele ekukhuphukeni kwentengo kagesi. Ngezansi, sihlaziya izici ezithile ezibangele ukuthi isikweletu sikagesi siqhubeke nokukhuphuka eminyakeni yamuva.
- El ukungqubuzana phakathi kweRussia ne-Ukraine ibe neqhaza elibalulekile, ukukhuphuka kwentengo yegesi yemvelo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kwenyusa intengo kagesi. Lokhu kuye kwadala ukwanda okungokomlando kwenani le-MWh emakethe ye-wholesale yaseSpain, kwafinyelela iziqongo ze €400/MWh.
- El ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwamandla ngesikhathi sezehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu nayo idlala indima. Isibonelo, ebusika, ukusetshenziswa kokushisa kagesi kukhula ngokuqhubekayo, okwandisa isidingo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, intengo kagesi.
- La ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla avuselelekayo Ezinyangeni ezithile, ngenxa yokuntuleka komoya noma ilanga, nakho kunomthelela ekukhuphukeni kwamanani. Okuvuselelekayo ishibhile, kodwa uma kukhiqizwa kunganele, kufanele sisebenzise amandla abizayo futhi angcolisa.
- I-Las Izimali ezikhishwa yi-CO2 Izikhiqizo ezinkulu ezifana nezitshalo zegesi namalahle ziyakhokha. Ukwenyuka kwalezi zilinganiso, njengengxenye yenqubomgomo yaseYurophu yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi, kube nomthelela ekwenyukeni kwezindleko zokukhiqiza ugesi.
Imithetho kahulumeni yokunciphisa umthelela
Ukunqanda umthelela wokunyuka kukagesi ezindlini nasezinkampanini, uHulumeni waseSpain usebenzise uchungechunge lwezinyathelo kusukela ngoJuni 2021, owaziwa kakhulu intengo yegesi cap, eyaziwa nangokuthi i- okuhlukile kwe-iberian. Lesi silinganiso sikhawulela intengo yegesi esetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ugesi phakathi kwama-40 nama-50 euros i-MWh ngayinye, ngenhloso yokunciphisa ukuthembela ngokweqile emijikelezweni ehlanganisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni ukugunyazile ukuncishiswa I-VAT ku-5% kubathengi basekhaya kanye nokudalwa kwe izigaba ezintsha zebhonasi kagesi yomphakathi.
El ibhonasi kagesi social kube ngenye yezinsika eziyisisekelo kulelisu, enikeza izaphulelo ezifika ku-65% kubathengi abathathwa njengabasengozini, futhi kufikela ku-80% kulabo abasesimweni sokuba sengozini enkulu. Le bhonasi iphinde yanwetshwa emikhakheni emisha yemindeni ehola kancane, ngaleyo ndlela ivuna imindeni eyengeziwe engase ibhekwe njengengenamandla amandla.
Kwengezwe kulezi zinhlelo ezinye izinqubomgomo zokuthuthukisa ukonga kukagesi ezweni esikhathini eside, njengemigomo yokukhuthaza ukuzisebenzisela wena futhi i uxhaso lokufakwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic.
Ezinye izinyathelo zokunciphisa isikweletu sikagesi
Ngaphezu kwezinyathelo zesakhiwo ukugwema ukwanda okukhulu esikhathini esifushane, abathengi bangakwazi futhi ukusebenzisa uchungechunge lwamasu okunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwabo kukagesi, ngakho-ke, umthethosivivinywa wabo. Ezinye ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zihlanganisa:
- Thuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla: Ukukhetha izinto zikagesi ezisebenza kahle ngesitifiketi samandla sekilasi A kunganciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa.
- Ukufakwa kwezinhlelo ze-photovoltaic: Ukuzisebenzisa ngokwakho ngamaphaneli elanga kungenye yezindlela ezisimeme futhi ezongayo, ngoba kukuvumela ukuthi ukhiqize amandla akho futhi unciphise ukuncika ezinkampanini ezinkulu zikagesi.
- Ukwenziwa ngcono kwamashejuli okusetshenziswa: Ukusebenzisa izinto zikagesi ezifana nomshini wokuwasha noma umshini wokuwasha izitsha phakathi namahora okungasebenzi kakhulu (ekuseni kakhulu noma ngezimpelasonto) kungenza umehluko enkokhelweni yokugcina.
Kusobala ukuthi ukukhuphuka kwebhili kagesi eSpain kuphendula inhlanganisela yezinto zamazwe ngamazwe, zezwe kanye nesakhiwo emakethe kagesi ezithinta kokubili abathengi basekhaya kanye nezinkampani. Kodwa-ke, ngezinyathelo ezifanele nokuzibophezela okukhulu emandleni avuselelekayo, kungenzeka ukunciphisa lo mthelela esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.