Amandla elanga ayeke ukuba yisithembiso sekusasa futhi abe yisixazululo samandla samanje futhi sangempela kakhulu. Ngenxa yomkhankaso wokusimama nokuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe, ayanda amakhaya namabhizinisi akhetha ukufaka amasistimu e-solar photovoltaic ukunciphisa izikweletu zikagesi kanye nalo lokungcolisa imvelo.
Kodwa ukuze uwusebenzise ngokugcwele lo mthombo wamandla ahlanzekile, kubalulekile ukuqonda izingxenye zesimiso sonozungezilanga nokuthi ngasinye sisebenza kanjani. Kusukela kuma-solar panel abonakala ophahleni kuya ku- abatshalizimali, amabhethri, izinhlelo zokukhweza nokunye, ngayinye idlala indima yamasu ngaphakathi kwesikhungo esisebenza kahle.
Iyini isistimu yelanga ye-photovoltaic?
Isistimu yelanga ye-photovoltaic iyisethi yezingxenye eziklanyelwe ukuguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ugesi osebenzisekayo., kungaba okokusetshenziswa ekhaya, izimboni noma ezohwebo. Umnyombo walo wakhiwe ama-solar panel, nakuba uhlelo oluphelele luhlanganisa nezinye izingxenye ezibalulekile ngokulinganayo ekusebenzeni kwalo, njenge abalawuli, abatshalizimali, izakhiwo futhi kwezinye izimo, amabhethri.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zamasistimu elanga: lezo ezixhunywe kugridi (ukuzisebenzisela wena) kanye namasistimu angawodwa (off-grid). Zombili zifuna ukusebenzisa amandla elanga, kodwa zikwenza ngendlela ehlukile kuye ngokuthi zixhumene noma cha. igridi yamandla evamile.
Izingxenye eziyisisekelo zesistimu sonozungezilanga
Ukufakwa kwe-photovoltaic solar kwakhiwe uchungechunge lwezakhi ezisebenza ndawonye ukuze zithwebule, zigcine, futhi zisabalalise amandla elanga aguqulelwe ekubeni ugesi. Ngezansi, sihlaziya ngayinye ngokujulile.
1. Amaphaneli elanga
Ama-solar panel anesibopho sokuthwebula imisebe yelanga futhi ayiguqule ibe ugesi. Akhiwa nge-matrix ye Amaseli we-Photovoltaic lowo msebenzi ngiyabonga umphumela we-photovoltaic, into ebonakalayo evumela izinto ezithile ze-semiconductor ukuthi zikhiqize amandla kagesi lapho zivezwe ekukhanyeni.
Izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ukwenza la maseli yilezi i-silicon ye-monocrystalline, i-silicon ye-polycrystalline, ne-silicon e-amorphous. Kukhona nobuchwepheshe obuphambili njenge i-gallium arsenide (GaAs) futhi i I-cadmium telluride (CdTe).
Amaseli akhona ahlelwe ngamamojula ahlanganisiwe futhi avikelwe izendlalelo ezimbalwa (njengoba sizobona kamuva), okubenza babe obala kakhulu kodwa futhi babe ingxenye ebonakalayo yesistimu.
2. Isilawuli sokushaja
Isilawuli sokushaja sisebenza njengomxhumanisi phakathi kwamaphaneli elanga namabhethri. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukuvimbela amabhethri ekushajweni ngokweqile noma ekukhishweni ngokweqile, okukuvumela ukuthi ukwandise eyakho impilo esebenzisekayo futhi uvikelekile a ukusebenza okuthembekile yohlelo. Ukuze usebenze kahle, ungathintana ne- umhlahlandlela wobuchwepheshe wokufaka ama-solar panel.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-regulators:
- I-PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): iyonga kakhulu, ilungele amasistimu amancane, nakuba ingasebenzi kahle ekuphathweni kwamandla.
- I-MPPT (Ukulandelela Iphuzu Lamandla Okuphezulu): zikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise ngokugcwele amandla akhiqizwa amaphaneli, uguqule ukusebenza kwawo ukuze uzuze iphuzu lamandla aphezulu.
Isincomo esijwayelekile: Sebenzisa izilawuli ze-MPPT ukufaka okungaphezulu kuka-500W futhi ngaleyo ndlela uqinisekise a ukusebenza kahle.
3. Mtshalimali
I-inverter yelanga iguqula i-direct current (DC) ekhiqizwa amaphaneli futhi igcinwe kumabhethri ibe i-alternating current (AC), okuyilokho esikusebenzisa ekhaya ezindaweni ezivamile. Kuzinhlelo ezixhunywe kugridi, i-inverter iphinde ivumelanise amandla amanje akhiqizwayo negridi kagesi, futhi kumasistimu angawodwa angahlanganisa imisebenzi eyengeziwe njengokulawula ukusetshenziswa amajeneretha ayisipele noma lawula lonke uhlelo.
Amanye ama-inverter anamuhla avumela ngisho qapha ukusetshenziswa futhi i isizukulwane samandla eselula, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla akhiqizwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuhle ukubukeza izinzuzo ze- amaphaneli elanga ajikelezayo lokho kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwendawo yakho.
4. Amabhethri elanga
Amabhethri ayadingeka ekufakweni kwawodwana, njengoba evumela ugesi okhiqiziwe ukuthi ugcinwe ukuze usetshenziswe lapho kungenakukhanya kwelanga (ebusuku noma ngezinsuku eziguqubele). Kumasistimu axhunywe kugridi, ukusetshenziswa kwesitoreji kuyakhethwa, kodwa kuya ngokuya kuvame ekufuneni ukufakwa ukuzimela kwamandla.
Izinhlobo zebhethri ezisetshenziswa kakhulu:
- I-lead acid (AGM noma ijeli): ukonga, nakuba kunesikhathi esifushane sokuphila nokusebenza kahle.
- ILithium: zibiza kakhulu kodwa futhi zihlala isikhathi eside, zisebenza kahle, zilula futhi zinamandla amakhulu okukhipha.
Amabhethri e-lithium athole ukuvelela eminyakeni yamuva nje ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo, ukuqapha kalula kanye nezidingo eziphansi zokunakekelwa. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwayo, ungaxhumana ne- izici zokugcinwa kwama-solar panel.
5. Isakhiwo sokusekela
Ukuze ama-solar panel enze umsebenzi wawo ngendlela efanele, adinga ukufakwa esakhiweni esiwagcina ezinzile futhi e-engeli efanele. Lezi zakhiwo zingafakwa kokuthi:
- Uphahla: ngamasistimu e-coplanar, ane-engeli noma isakhiwo esinesisindo.
- Imvamisa: ilungele amapulazi elanga noma ukufakwa okukhulu.
Umumo olungile (ubheke eningizimu eSpain) kanye ne-engeli eyanele kukhulisa iqoqo lelanga futhi i ukusebenza kohlelo. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokufakwa okufanele, bheka Umhlahlandlela wokufakwa kwamaphaneli elanga.
6. Izintambo nezivikelo zikagesi
Nakuba zingase zinganakwa, izintambo nezinhlelo zokuvikela zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle nasekuphepheni kokufakwa kwe-photovoltaic. Ziyizici okufanele zimelane nezimo zemvelo ezeqisayo, ngakho-ke Kubalulekile ukuthi ziqinisekiswe ngokuqondile ukusetshenziswa kwelanga, ngaleyo ndlela iqinisekisa ukuqina okude kanye nokumelana nogesi okuphansi. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe ngokuvikeleka, kuyanconywa ukuthi ubuyekeze izindleko nokusebenza kwezinhlelo zamaphaneli elanga.
Ukwengeza, kuhlanganisiwe izivikelo ezifana namafuse, ama-circuit breaker kanye nezinhlelo zokubeka phansi ukugwema ukugcwala ngokweqile, izifunda ezimfushane kanye nokushaqeka kukagesi.
7. Ibhokisi lokuhlangana
Ibhokisi lokuhlangana liyiphuzu lapho zonke izintambo ezivela kumamojula we-photovoltaic zihlangana futhi kusukela lapho ukuxhumeka kuwo wonke uhlelo kuqala. Itholakala ngemuva kwephaneli ngayinye futhi ngokuvamile yakhelwe ukumelana nezimo zemvelo ezimbi. Ezinye zize zihlanganisa ukuvimbela noma ukudlula ama-diode ukuvimbela ukulahleka kwamandla lapho ingxenye yephaneli ifakwe umbala.
8. Ijeneretha engumsizi (uyazikhethela)
Ekufakweni okukodwa, ijeneretha eyisipele ingengezwa, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho izimo ezingezinhle zenzeka khona izinsuku ezimbalwa ezilandelanayo. Le generator ingenziwa isebenze ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho amabhethri ephansi futhi uhlelo lungatholi imisebe yelanga eyanele ukuze izinikeze amandla. Kulezi zimo, kungase kube usizo ukucabangela amaphaneli elanga aphathwayo ngezimo eziphuthumayo.
Izingxenye ezinemininingwane zephaneli yelanga
Amaphaneli elanga aklanyelwe ukumelana nazo zonke izinhlobo zezimo zezulu futhi enze umsebenzi wawo amashumi eminyaka. Ukufeza lokhu, zakhiwe izendlalelo eziningi, ngayinye inomsebenzi othize:
- Ingilazi epholile: ungqimba lokuqala, luvikela imithelela futhi luvumela ukudlula kwemisebe yelanga ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa.
- I-EVA (ethyl vinyl acetate) encapsulant: imunca ukucindezeleka okushisayo futhi ivikele amangqamuzana kumswakama nezinye izakhi.
- Amaseli elanga: Yilabo abaguqula ukukhanya kube ugesi.
- Esinye isendlalelo se-EVA encapsulant: efana neyangaphambili, ngemuva kwamaseli.
- Ishidi elingemuva: Ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngama-polymers afana ne-PET noma i-TPT. Ivikela futhi ivikele izakhi.
- Uhlaka lwe-Aluminium: Inikeza ukuqina kwesakhiwo kuphaneli, yenza kube lula ukuhlangana futhi ivikele imiphetho yengilazi.
- Ibhokisi lokuhlangana: ixhuma amaseli kuyo yonke isistimu futhi ingase ihlanganise ukuvikela okwengeziwe.
Lo mklamo onezingqimba uthuthukisa ukusebenza, ukuqina nokuphepha kwamamojula we-photovoltaic.
Ukwenziwa kwama-solar panel
Inqubo yokukhiqiza amaphaneli elanga inobuchwepheshe obuphezulu futhi idinga uchungechunge lwezinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi nokusebenza kahle komkhiqizo wokugcina.
1. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-silicon
Konke kuqala ngokuhlanzwa kwe-silicon, edlula izinqubo zokuncibilikisa ukuze ibe yizingot. Lawa ma-ingots asikwa abe amashidi amancane abizwa ngokuthi ama-wafers.
2. Doping of wafers
Ukungcola kwamakhemikhali okufana ne-phosphorus ne-boron kwengezwa kumawafa ukuze kuguqulwe indlela ezisebenza ngayo futhi kuvumele ukwakhiwa kwenkundla kagesi (pn junction).
3. Ukudalwa kwamaseli elanga
Ama-wafers ane-doped ambozwe ngezinto eziphikisayo futhi aqoshwe ngamaphethini ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthwebula ukukhanya. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokuvela kwalobu buchwepheshe, ungabonisana ukuziphendukela kwemvelo komlando wamaphaneli elanga.
4. Umhlangano
Amaseli axhunywe ngochungechunge ngokusebenzisa i-conductive tape, akha izintambo. Lezi zintambo zihlanganiswe phakathi izingqimba ze-Eva, ingilazi kanye neshidi elingemuva.
5. Ibhokisi lohlaka kanye nokuhlangana
Imojula ifakwe kuhlaka lwe-aluminium futhi ibhokisi lokuhlangana liyengezwa ukuze kube lula ukuhlanganisa izintambo.
6. Izilawuli zekhwalithi
Iphaneli ngayinye ihlolwe ukusebenza, ukumelana, ukuchayeka ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu kanye nokuskena okubonakalayo okuqinisekisa ukungabikho imifantu noma amaphutha.
Ngenxa yalokhu, amaphaneli amanje angagcina ukusebenza kwawo kahle iminyaka engama-25 kuya kwengama-30 noma ngaphezulu.
Umehluko phakathi kwamasistimu angawodwa kanye naxhunywe kugridi
Uma ukhetha ukufakwa kwe-solar, enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ukuthi ukhethe uhlelo oluzimele (olungekho kugridi) noma oluxhunywe kugridi (ukuzisebenzisela ngokwakho). Ake sibheke umehluko wabo omkhulu:
- Ukuzidla: ikhiqiza amandla ekhaya futhi isebenzisa igridi njengesipele. Ungathengisa imali eningi futhi awuwadingi ngempela amabhethri.
- Okuhlukanisiwe: Akuxhomekile kugridi kagesi, kudinga amabhethri kanye (ngokuzikhethela) i-generator. Ilungele izindawo ezingenakho ukufinyelela kwenethiwekhi.
Zombili lezi zinhlelo zinezinzuzo zazo, kodwa ukuzisebenzisela ngokwakho kuvame kakhulu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, kuyilapho amasistimu angaphandle kwegridi evame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezikude.
Kuyabonakala ukuthi Amandla elanga avumela abasebenzisi nezinkampani ukuthi zonge, zikwazi ukuzimela, futhi zinciphise umthelela wazo kwezemvelo. Ngokuqonda kahle ingxenye ngayinye yesistimu, ungenza izinqumo ezingcono uma ufaka noma ugcina isistimu ye-photovoltaic ephumelelayo nehlala isikhathi eside.