Amandla enuzi angomunye wemithombo yokukhiqiza enempikiswano kakhulu endaweni yesimanje yamandla. Selokhu yavela ekhulwini lama-20, ibonwe kokubili njengesixazululo esithembisayo senkinga yesimo sezulu nanjengosongo olucashile endaweni ezungezile nempilo yabantu. Ukukhishwa kwayo kwe-carbon dioxide eqondile okuphansi kuyibeka njengenye indlela engasetshenziswa kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, kodwa imibuzo mayelana nokuhlanzeka kwayo, ukuphepha, nokusimama kwayo iyaqhubeka nokudala inkulumo-mpikiswano eshubile yomhlaba wonke.
Ukuhlaziya umthelela wemvelo wamandla enuzi kudlula kakhulu ukulinganisa i-CO2 ekhishwa nge-kilowatt-hora ngayinye. Kuhilela ukutadisha umjikelezo wokuphila wonke, kusukela ekukhishweni kwe-uranium kuya ekulawuleni imfucuza ekhipha imisebe eyingozi, okuhlanganisa ukwakhiwa, ukusebenza, kanye nokuyekisa ukusebenza kwezitshalo ekugcineni. Ngezansi kukhona ukubuka konke okunemininingwane nokuphelele kokuthi amandla enuzi angathathwa ahlanzekile noma angcolisa, ngokusekelwe kuzo zonke izici ezihilelekile ekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwawo.
Ukukhishwa kwe-CO2: Ingabe amandla ahlanzekile ngempela?
Enye yezimpikiswano eziyinhloko ezivuna amandla enuzi yikhono lawo lokukhiqiza ugesi ngaphandle kokukhipha i-CO2 phakathi nesigaba sokukhiqiza. Ngokungafani namalahle, igesi yemvelo, noma uwoyela, iziphehlimandla zenuzi aziwashisi izinto ezimbiwa phansi ukuze zikhiqize ukushisa, okugwema ukuphuma ngokuqondile kwamagesi abamba ukushisa.
Nokho, Lapho uhlaziya umjikelezo ophelele, ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 engaqondile kubalulekile.. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokumbiwa nokucubungula kwe-uranium, ukwakhiwa kwesikhungo sikagesi, ukunothiswa kukaphethiloli, ezokuthutha, ukugcinwa kwengqalasizinda, futhi, ekugcineni, nokuyekwa kwayo.
Ucwaningo olufana nalolo olwenziwe yi-Polytechnic University of Catalonia lulinganisela ukuthi amandla enuzi akhipha cishe amagremu angu-66 we-CO2 nge-kilowatt-hora., inani eliphansi kakhulu kunamalahle (afinyelela ku-1000 gCO2/kWh) noma udizili (778 gCO2/kWh), kodwa ephakeme kakhulu kunemithombo evuselelekayo efana namandla omoya (9 gCO2/kWh) noma i-solar photovoltaic (30 gCO2/kWh). Ngakho-ke, Ngeke kubhekwe njengobuchwepheshe obuhlanzeke ngokuphelele, ikakhulukazi uma kuqhathaniswa nokuvuselelwa kabusha.
Udoti okhipha imisebe: inkinga engaxazululiwe
Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu zemvelo zamandla enuzi ukuphatha udoti okhipha imisebe.. Lezi zinto eziyingozi kakhulu zingahlala zisebenza izinkulungwane noma amakhulu ezinkulungwane zeminyaka, ezidinga izixazululo ezivikeleke kakhulu, zesikhathi eside zokugcina.
Okwamanje, Asikho isixazululo esiqondile noma esamukelekayo emhlabeni wonke yokwelashwa kokugcina kwalezi zinsalela. Eziningi zazo zigcinwa okwesikhashana ezindaweni eziphehla amandla enuzi ngokwazo, okwandisa ingozi lapho kuba nengozi, kuvuza, noma ukuhlasela.
Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ezinye izindlela ezifana nokugcinwa okujulile kokwakheka komhlaba ziye zahlongozwa, kodwa ukuba nokwenzeka kobuchwepheshe, izindleko eziphezulu, nokuntuleka kokuvumelana komphakathi nezikhungo kuye kwavimbela lezi ziphakamiso ukuthi zisetshenziswe kabanzi.
Ukwengeza, imboni yenuzi ikhiqiza izinhlobo ezahlukene zemfucuza - uketshezi, igesi kanye nokuqinile -, okungase kuphazamise amanzi, umoya kanye nomhlabathi uma kungalawulwa ngokucophelela okukhulu. Ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezivamile zokusebenza, izitshalo zikagesi zikhipha imisebe yezinga eliphansi, okuthi nakuba kunzima ukuyibona ngeso lenyama, ingaba nemiphumela eyingozi enqwabelene empilweni nasendaweni ezungezile.
Izingozi zezempilo kanye nezingozi zenuzi
Ukuchayeka emisebeni yesikhathi eside, ngisho nasezingeni eliphansi, kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nengozi eyengeziwe yezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza., ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu abahlala eduze kwezikhungo zokuphehla amandla enuzi. Ucwaningo lwesayensi lubonisa ukuthi amazinga aphansi emisebe angashintsha i-DNA yomuntu futhi andise izehlakalo zezifo eziwohlokayo.
Amacala kaChernobyl (1986) kanye noFukushima (2011) abonise ubungozi bangempela bezingozi zenuzi.. Zombili lezi zenzakalo zabangela izinhlekelele ezinkulu zemvelo, kwaphoqelela ukukhishwa kwezifunda ezinkulu, okushiya izindawo ezingenamuntu amakhulu eminyaka futhi kubangele imiphumela elimazayo ezimila, izilwane, nempilo yomphakathi.
Naphezu kokuthuthuka kwezokuphepha, Asikho isiqinisekiso esiphelele sokuthi ingozi ngeke iphinde yenzeke.. Iphutha lomuntu, ukwehluleka kwezobuchwepheshe noma izinhlekelele zemvelo zingadala izimo ezibucayi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezimweni zokuntengantenga kwendawo yezepolitiki, izimboni zamandla enuzi zingaba yizisulu zokuhlasela noma ubuphekula.
Amanzi, ukupholisa kanye nemvelo yasemanzini
Izitshalo zamandla enyukliya zidinga amanzi amaningi ezinhlelweni zazo zokupholisa., ekhiqiza imithelela yesibambiso emanzini aseduze, kungaba imifula, amachibi noma izilwandle.
Isistimu yokupholisa inemithelela ethile emibili: Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungena kwamanzi avela endaweni yemvelo kungabamba futhi kubulale izinhlanzi nezinye izilwane zasemanzini; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amanzi abuyiselwe endaweni ezungezile asezingeni lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu, elishintsha ibhalansi yokushisa yesimiso sezinto eziphilayo esithintekile, okubangela ukushabalala kwezinhlobo ezingezwani nokushisa.
Futhi, uma ukuvuza kwe-radioactive noma ukuchitheka kurekhodiwe, inkinga iba yimbi. E-Argentina, ngokwesibonelo, izilinganiso ezihlukahlukene zikhomba amazinga e-tritium emanzini abedlula kude imikhawulo enconyelwe umhlaba wonke yokusetshenziswa komuntu, ngisho nangaphandle kwengozi yenuzi.
Ukutholakala kwe-Uranium: insiza engavuseleleki
Ngokungafani nemithombo evuselelekayo efana nomoya noma ilanga, amandla enuzi ancike kumaminerali afana ne-uranium., okutholakala kwawo kunqunyelwe futhi ukukhishwa kwawo nokucutshungulwa kwawo kuhlanganisa imithelela enamandla yemvelo namandla.
Ochwepheshe balinganisela ukuthi, ngezilinganiso zamanje zokusetshenziswa, izindawo zokugcina i-uranium ezisebenzisekayo zingaphela phakathi namashumi ambalwa eminyaka, ngisho nangaphandle kokwandisa imikhumbi yenuzi yomhlaba wonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye ebalulekile ye-uranium etholakalayo itholakala kuma-ore angagxili kakhulu, iqhubeke nokwandisa i-carbon footprint kanye nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni okuhlobene nokukhipha kwayo.
Ngakho-ke, Amandla enuzi ngeke athathwe njengomthombo ovuselelekayo, njengoba izinto zayo zokusetshenziswa azikhiqizwa kabusha ngenani elilingana noma elikhulu kunokusetshenziswa komhlaba wonke.
Izindleko zomnotho nokuncintisana uma kuqhathaniswa nokuvuselelekayo
Enye yezinganekwane ezivame kakhulu ukuthi amandla enuzi ashibhile.. Nakuba izindleko zokusebenza nezakhiwe nge-kilowatt ngayinye zingase zibe phansi uma isikhungo sesakhiwe, ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala kungqalasizinda kuphezulu ngendlela engavamile.
Izindleko ezilinganisiwe zikagesi (i-LCOE) zamandla enuzi okwamanje zidlula lezo ezivuselelekayo, njengomoya wasogwini noma i-solar photovoltaic ngezinga elikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphrojekthi amaningi enuzi abhekana nokubambezeleka okuthatha amashumi eminyaka, ukwenyuka kwezindleko ezinkulu, kanye nomphumela wezinkinga zezimali.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonisa ukuthi ngokutshalwa kwezimali okufanayo okudingekayo ku-megawatt eyodwa yamandla enuzi, kungafakwa amamegawathi amane wamandla avuselelekayo, okungabandakanyi izici ezengeziwe ezifana nokuphathwa kwemfucuza noma ukuyekisa ukusetshenziswa.
Ingxenye ye-geopolitical nezempi yamandla enuzi
Umuntu akakwazi ukukhuluma ngamandla enuzi ngaphandle kokucabangela ukuxhumana kwawo nobuchwepheshe bezempi.. I-uranium ecebile ne-plutonium ekhiqizwa kuma-reactors ingasetshenziswa, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, ukwenza izikhali zenuzi.
Kuwo wonke umlando, amazwe amaningana athuthukise izinhlelo zawo zezempi esebenzisa ucwaningo noma ama-reactors avamile, asungula ubudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kokusetshenziswa ngokuthula nezempi kwalobu buchwepheshe.
Ngisho nasemazweni angenazo izinhlelo zempi ezimenyezelwe, Ukuba nje nobuchwepheshe benuzi kungadala ukungezwani emhlabeni wonke futhi andise ubungozi bokusabalala kwezikhali zenuzi. Ngalesi sizathu, izinhlangano ezifana ne-IAEA zigcina ukulawula okuqinile phezu kwezindawo, izinto zokwakha, nezinqubo ezihlobene nalo mthombo wamandla.
Iyiphi indima edlalwa amandla enuzi ekushintsheni kwamandla?
Phakathi kwesimo sezulu esibucayi, Abanye ochwepheshe baphikisa ngokuthi amandla enuzi angase abe ububi obudingekayo. ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngenkathi kuhlanganisa okuvuselelekayo. Nokho, kunama-nuances amaningi okufanele acatshangelwe.
I-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Iphawulile ukuthi nakuba amandla enuzi ephansi ekukhiqizweni kokusebenza, aneminye imithelela engemihle kwezemvelo, njengokumbiwa kwe-uranium, ingozi yezingozi, ukungasebenzi kahle kwezinga lokushisa emazingeni okushisa aphakeme emhlabeni wonke, kanye ne-radioactivity yesikhathi eside.
I-IPCC iphinde yabeka amandla enuzi njengobuchwepheshe obunomnikelo ophansi kunawo wonke ku-UN Sustainable Development Goals kanye okuwukuphela kwayo enezilinganiso ezingezinhle mayelana nokusimama.
Okwamanje, amaphrojekthi e-nuclear fusion njenge-ITER (Europe) noma i-NIF (USA) ifuna ukuthuthukisa enye indlela ephephe kakhulu, ehlanzekile nehlala isikhathi eside engenazinsalela. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlanganisa kusenezinselelo zobuchwepheshe futhi ngeke kutholakale kwezohwebo esikhathini esifushane.
Amandla enuzi awanakuthathwa njengesixazululo esiqondile, kodwa kunalokho ubuchwepheshe obunciphayo obunezindleko eziphezulu, ubungozi, kanye nemiphumela engemihle. Ukubeka phambili amandla avuselelekayo, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, ukuthuthukiswa kwamagridi ahlakaniphile, nokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokulondoloza kufanele kube indlela eya phambili yoshintsho lwangempela noluphephile.
Inkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana namandla enuzi akuyona nje ubuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi inezimiso zokuziphatha kanye nezombusazwe.. Kuhilela ukunquma ukuthi sizimisele yini ukuboleka izizukulwane ezizayo ngodoti okhipha imisebe, sithathe izingozi ezingase zicekele phansi imvelo yonke, noma sithembele emthonjeni ngokomlando ohlobene nezinjongo zempi. Njengoba sibhekene nale nkinga, amandla avuselelekayo ayaqhubeka nokubonisa ibhalansi ekahle kakhulu empilweni yeplanethi nesintu.