Njalo ngo-Agasti 10 kuyagujwa Usuku Lomhlaba Wonke Lwe-Biodiesel, idethi ebhekisela ekuqalisweni kokuqala okuyimpumelelo kwenjini ye-Rudolf Diesel enamafutha yemifino, futhi namuhla esebenza ukuthatha i-pulse yobuchwepheshe obuyinhloko bokukhipha ikhabhoni kwezokuthutha.
I-anniversary isimema ukuthi sibheke okwedlule ukuze siqonde okwamanje: Kusukela ekuhlolweni ngamafutha kuya embonini yesimanje, ngokuthuthuka kwamakhemikhali, izibaseli ezintsha ezivuselelekayo, nezinqubomgomo ezichaza kabusha ingxube yamandla emazweni ahlukahlukene.
Umsuka wesikhumbuzo: kusukela ku-workshop ye-Diesel kuya emlandweni
URudolf Diesel uzimisele ngokunqoba ukusebenza kahle okuphansi kwe izinjini zomusi yesikhathi sakhe, ephefumulelwe imingcele yethiyori echazwe nguSadi Carnot; umgomo wakhe kwakuwukuthola injini esebenza kahle kakhulu yangaphakathi evuthayo.
Umgwaqo ubungelula: phakathi 1892 Kuqhume i-ammonia, okwadala ukulimala okubi futhi umeluleki wakhe u-Carl Linde wahoxisa ukumeseka. Nokho, wathola ukwesekwa U-Heinrich von Buz (UMUNTU), ovumele intuthuko ukuthi iqhubeke.
Ngemva konyaka, the 10 Agasti 1893Udizili ukwazile ukuqalisa ngempumelelo injini yakhe esebenzisa uwoyela wesunduLolu suku luphawula inguquko kumafutha asuselwa ku-bio.
Ngo-1897, i-MAN yethula injini ye-diesel engu-25 hp four-stroke ekwazi ukusebenzisa amafutha ahlukahlukene, kusukela uwoyela wemifino ngisho nezingxenye ezincane ze-petroleum. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwalindela uhla lwezinketho zamandla zokusetshenziswa kwezimboni nezokuthutha.
Iyini i-biodiesel futhi itholakala kanjani?
I-Biodiesel iyi-a amafutha acid methyl ester ekhiqizwa yi-transesterification: ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okunciphisa i-viscosity ephezulu yamafutha, okuwenza afanelekele izinjini zesimanje zikadizili.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa ziyahlukahluka futhi zijwayelane nesifunda ngasinye, okunikeza i-biodiesel ukuguquguquka okukhulu ekuhlinzekeni nasezindlekweni:
- Amafutha emifino: ubhontshisi wesoya, ubhekilanga, i-rapeseed, isundu nezinye izitshalo zikawoyela.
- Amafutha asetshenzisiwe ikhishi, elivumela udoti ukuthi ubuyiselwe.
- Amafutha ezilwane (i-sebum nezinye izingxenyana ze-lipid).
I-Biodiesel ingasetshenziswa ehlanzekile noma exutshwe ne-diesel ngamaphesenti ahlukene, kuye ngemithetho yendawo kanye nokuhambisana kwezinjini nengqalasizinda.
Kanye noFAME, i udizili ovuselelekayo noma i-HVO (uwoyela wemifino onama-hydrotreated), atholwe nge-hydrotreatment emazingeni okushisa aphezulu nokucindezela, akhiqiza ama-hydrocarbon epharafini afana kakhulu ne-fossil diesel.
Umthelela kwezemvelo kanye nezinqubomgomo ezibeka isifundo
Uma kucatshangelwa umjikelezo ophelele, i-biodiesel kanye nodizili ovuselelekayo kungafinyelela a ukunciphisa ukungcola kufika ku-80% uma kuqhathaniswa nodizili ojwayelekile; izifundo e-Argentina zilinganisela ukwehla kwamanani e-biodiesel cishe ngama-70%.
Kusukela ngawo-90, ukukhathazeka mayelana ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuvikeleka kwamandla kugqugquzele ukuhlanganisa okuyisibopho emazweni amaningi, okukhuphula isidingo kanye nokwenza umsebenzi we-supply chain ngobungcweti.
EYurophu, umthethonqubo I-RefuelEU Aviation ibeka amaphesenti andayo amafutha endiza eqhubekayo (SAF). Izihlungi eziningi eziguquliwe zikhiqiza i-SAF futhi ziyikhiphe njengokusakaza okuhlobene. I-HVO, nakuba izindleko zayo ngokuvamile ziba phezulu kunezo-FAME.
I-Biodiesel, enezithiyo eziphansi zokungena, yavula umnyango abadlali abasha izimboni nezesifunda; I-HVO ifaneleka kakhulu ezindaweni ezikhona zikawoyela. Lobu buchwepheshe okuhambisanayo, kodwa zidinga izinqubomgomo ezihlukene.
I-Argentina nesifunda: izibani, izithunzi namathuba
I-Argentina yaba yizwe umthengisi ohamba phambili emhlabeni we-biodiesel, esekelwa inxanxathela ye-agro-industrial complex. Nokho, kuhlangatshezwane nemikhawulo yohwebo: Izabelo ze-EU kulandela izingxabano ku-WTO kanye nezintela eziseduze 150% e-US, ngaphezu kwalokho okungafakwanga ezinzuzweni zama-biofuels angenisiwe.
Ngaphambili, igunya lokuxutshwa kwe-Argentina seliseduze 7,5%, kuyilapho iBrazil isiqhubekele ku-B15. Ngokuhambisanayo, i-US EPA ihlongoza ukwandisa i- udizili webhayoloji (okuhlanganisa i-FAME ne-HVO), ihlanganisa indima yayo ekushintsheni kwamandla.
Ongoti bezimboni bafuna a umthetho omusha ngemithetho ecacile, izinhloso ezikhulayo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwabadayisi abakhulu, ama-SME kanye nezitshalo ezintsha zasebusika ezifana i-carinata, i-safflower, i-kamelina noma i-rapeseed ukuhlukanisa izinto zokusetshenziswa.
Ikusasa le-biodiesel
Ukuvuselela akuqali kusukela ekuqaleni: kukhona amakhono ezimboni, umlando wokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe, ingqalasizinda, ososayensi nochwepheshe, kanye ne-agroindustry eguquguqukayo ekwazi ukuhlinzeka nge-biomass ngaphandle kokufaka ingcindezi emngceleni wezolimo.
Kulomhla ziyi-10 kuNcwaba, isikhumbuzo sidlula okungokomfanekiso: I-biodiesel ayiyona into yesikhathi esidlule, ikhona nekusasa. Kuyithuluzi eliphathekayo lokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi elikhishwayo, ukukhiqiza amathuba omsebenzi, ukuqinisa amaketango ezifunda kanye nokudlulela ku-a i-matrix yamandla ehlanzekile futhi ehlukahlukene.
