Ama-Aerosols Ziyizinhlayiya ezincane ezihlala zimisiwe emkhathini womhlaba futhi zingaba nomthelela oqinile kuzo zombili ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu njengase- ikhwalithi yomoya. Angasuka emithonjeni yemvelo efana nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo noma uthuli lwasogwadule, kanye nemisebenzi yabantu efana nokushiswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi.
Ayini ama-aerosol futhi kungani abalulekile?
Uma sikhuluma ngama-aerosol, abantu abaningi bacabanga ngemikhiqizo yasendlini ezitsheni ezicindezelweyo, kodwa ku-climatology, ama-aerosols amboza izinhlayiya eziningi, kusukela othulini lwamaminerali emvelo kuya kumakhompiyutha avela emisebenzini yezimboni. Ama-aerosol omsuka we-anthropogenic anethonya elibalulekile esimweni sezulu ngenxa yekhono lawo lokubonisa noma ukumunca imisebe yelanga futhi athinte ukwakheka kwamafu.
Lezi zinhlayiya zinobukhulu obuhlukene nezici. Ngokwesibonelo, i izifutho ze-sulfate ekhiqizwa ukushiswa kwezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi noma i-biomass ivame ukuhlakaza imisebe yelanga, okubangela umphumela wokupholisa. Lezi zinhlayiya zisebenza njengezibuko ezincane eziphambukisa okunye ukukhanya kwelanga okufika eMhlabeni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-aerosols afana amalahle amnyama, owaziwa nangokuthi umule, udonsa imisebe yelanga, okubangela ukwanda kwamazinga okushisa endawo.
Umsuka nezinhlobo zama-aerosol
Ama-aerosol anemvelaphi emibili eyinhloko:
- Ama-aerosols emvelaphi yemvelo: Zivela ezinqubweni zemvelo ezifana nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo, iziphepho zesihlabathi noma usawoti ovela olwandle othuthwa yimimoya. Lawa ma-aerosol ngokuvamile amakhulu ngosayizi futhi anempilo efushane emkhathini.
- I-aerosol ye-anthropogenic: Umsuka wawo umsebenzi womuntu, njengokushiswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Lawa ma-aerosol ahlanganisa ama-sulfate, ama-nitrate, ne-carbon black, phakathi kwabanye. Avame ukuba mancane ngosayizi kunama-aerosol emvelo, futhi ngenxa yokuthi ahlala emkhathini isikhathi eside, umthelela wawo mude futhi ubanzi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvamile ukuthola ama-aerosol axubile ahlanganisa le mithombo emibili. Isibonelo, ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, izinhlayiya ezivela emsebenzini wezimboni zingaxubana nezinhlayiya zothuli lwemvelo ezimisiwe.
Umthelela wama-aerosols esimweni sezulu: Indima eyinkimbinkimbi
Ama-aerosol adlala indima ebalulekile ohlelweni lwesimo sezulu seplanethi ngenxa yekhono lawo lokuthinta ibhalansi phakathi kwamandla afika evela eLangeni futhi aphinde abuyele emkhathini. Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko ama-aerosols athonya ngayo lolu hlelo:
- Umthelela oqondile: Amanye ama-aerosol, njengama-aerosol e-sulfate, anamandla okubuyisela ukukhanya kwelanga emkhathini, ehlisa inani lemisebe elifinyelela ebusweni boMhlaba. Lesi simo sibangela a umphumela wokupholisa mayelana nesimo sezulu.
- Umthelela ongaqondile: Ama-aerosols aphinde abe nomthelela ekwakhekeni nasekuguqukeni kwamafu. Asebenza njengama-condensation nuclei omhwamuko wamanzi, okuvumela amaconsi amafu akheke. Uma ama-aerosol engeziwe esifundeni, inani elikhulu lamaconsi emafini liba likhulu, kodwa lawa maconsi azoba mancane, okungase kwandise ukubukeka kwamafu futhi andise ukuphila kwawo, kukhiqize ukupholisa okwengeziwe.
Nokho, akuwona wonke ama-aerosol apholisa iplanethi. Ama-aerosol afanayo ikhabhoni emnyama, ekhiqizwa ukushiswa okungaphelele kwezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi kanye ne-biomass, imunca ukukhanya kwelanga futhi ishise umkhathi. Lokhu kwenza i- umphumela jikelele ama-aerosols ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi, kwezinye izimo, kuyaphikisana.
Umthelela wama-aerosol ekwakhekeni kwamafu
Isici esiyinhloko sama-aerosol nomthelela wawo ekwakhekeni kwamafu, okubuye kuthinte imvula nesimo sezulu sendawo. Amafu akhiwe phambi kwamazinga aphezulu ezinhlayiya angakhanya futhi akhanye kakhudlwana, okusho ukuthi ukukhanya kwelanga okuncane kufinyelela ebusweni boMhlaba.
Nokho, uma kukhona ama-aerosol amaningi emkhathini, inqubo yokwakheka kwamafu ingaphazamiseka. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lwe-NASA lubonise lokho intuthu kanye nama-aerosol othuli Bangakwazi ukumunca imisebe, bafudumale umoya ozungezile. Lokhu kumelana nokugeleza komoya phezulu futhi kuvimbela amafu ekukhuleni ngokuphelele, okungukuthi, awawuvumeli umhwamuko ukuba uhlangane ube amaconsi amakhulu ngokwanele ukuba adlisele njengemvula. Ngakho-ke, ama-aerosol amaningi anganciphisa imvamisa yemvula, okungenzeka aguqule izindlela zesimo sezulu sendawo.
Ama-aerosols nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu: ukuvala ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke
Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zama-aerosols esimweni sokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ukuthi asebenza njengendlela yokwenza lokho imaski ingxenye yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke okubangelwa amagesi abamba ukushisa. Ngokocwaningo olwenziwa yi-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), ama-aerosol asuse cishe ingxenye yesithathu yokufudumala okubangelwa ukwanda kwe-carbon dioxide ne-methane kusukela ngeNguquko Yezimboni.
Nokho, lo mphumela wokunxeshezelwa uveza inkinga. Njengoba amazwe esebenzisa izinqubomgomo zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-aerosol ngenxa yemiphumela eyingozi yezempilo, umphumela wokupholisa wama-aerosol kulindeleke ukuthi wehle, okungenzeka ukusheshisa ukufudumala komhlaba. Lesi simo sesivele siqalile ukuqashelwa ezindaweni zezimboni zase-Asia naseYurophu, lapho ukuthuthukiswa kwezinga lomoya kuye kwaholela ekwandeni kwezinga lokushisa lesifunda.
Izindleko kuzinqubomgomo zezempilo kanye nesimo sezulu
Nakuba ama-aerosols enomphumela wokupholisa, akufanele athathwe njengesixazululo sokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngenxa yawo imiphumela emibi empilweni yomphakathi. Ama-aerosol, ikakhulukazi lawo avela ekushisweni kwezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi kanye ne-biomass, axhunyaniswa nezifo zokuphefumula nenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi futhi anomthelela ekufeni kwezigidigidi unyaka ngamunye. Ngokusho kweWorld Health Organisation (WHO), ukunukubezeka komoya yikho okubangela ukufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi okungaba yizigidi eziyisi-7 ngonyaka.
Ngalesi sizathu, izinqubomgomo zesimo sezulu zamazwe ahlukahlukene zifuna ukulinganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi yomoya nesidingo sokulawula ukufudumala komhlaba. Ubuchwepheshe obusha, obufana nokubanjwa kwekhabhoni, buyaphenywa ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa ngaphandle kokukhuphula ukukhishwa kwe-aerosol.
Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuthatha izinqumo unolwazi kuyoba ukhiye eminyakeni ezayo ukuze kugcinwe ukulingana phakathi kokunciphisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokwenza ngcono impilo yomphakathi.
Akungabazeki ukuthi ama-aerosol ayingxenye ebalulekile yesayensi yesimo sezulu nokuthi ithonya lawo ekufudumaleni kwembulunga yonke—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukupholisa noma ukufudumeza iplanethi—alinakuphikwa. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo luzodingeka ukuze siqonde kangcono imiphumela yalo nokuthi singawuphatha kanjani umthelela walo emhlabeni wethu.