Europa Ingenye yezifunda zomhlaba nge umthamo omkhulu ofakiwe wokuphehla ugesi ophehlwa ngamanziNgokombiko wakamuva we Inhlangano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yamandla Kagesi (I HA). I-European Union iyikhaya cishe ku-260 GW yenani elilinganiselwe lomhlaba wonke lama-860-950 GW womthamo ofakiwe wamanzi.
La mandla ayinsika eyisisekelo ekushintsheni kwamandla aseYurophu, ngenxa yendima yawo ebalulekile hhayi kuphela ekukhiqizeni ugesi ovuselelekayo, kodwa futhi nasekuzinzeni nasekuguquguqukeni okuhlinzekayo ohlelweni lukagesi.
Amanye amazwekazi nawo ayathuthuka kulo mkhakha, kanti i-China isidlule i-United States ngomthamo ofakiwe, kanti iNingizimu Melika nayo ithuthukisa imithombo yayo yamanzi ngesivinini esikhulu. Ezingeni lomhlaba wonke, kulinganiselwa ukuthi phakathi 127 kanye ne-150 GW umthamo ungokwezitshalo zokugcina ezimpontshwa, futhi ukukhula okungama-60% kulindeleke kule makethe eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo.
Evolution of hydroelectric energy eYurophu
Isimo eYurophu kube yileso sokuthi a ukwenziwa kwengqalasizinda ekhona ibe yesimanjemanje, abaningi babo abaneminyaka engaphezu kuka-40 ubudala. Le nqubo ihlanganisa ukuvuselela amalayisense kanye nokubuyekeza okokusebenza ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle kwezitshalo. Ngokombiko I-REN-21, ngo-2009 amandla kagesi afakwa emanzini eYurophu akhule ngo-3%, okugqamisa ukuvuthwa komkhakha kanye nesidingo sokuqhubeka nokuthuthukisa lobu buchwepheshe.
Nokho, isimo samanje sibhekene nezinselelo ezimbalwa, njengesomiso esiphindelelayo esithinta izifunda eziseningizimu ye-Europe, okubangela ukwehla okuphawulekayo kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi. Isibonelo, ngo-2022 kwaba nokwehla ngo-15% kokukhiqizwa kwamanye amazwe ase-Europe, okubonisa ubungozi bokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Izinhlobo zamandla kagesi ngamanzi
- Izitshalo ezinkulu zikagesi ngamanzi: Le miklamo ivamise ukuba namandla okukhiqiza angaphezu kuka-10 MW futhi idinga amadamu amakhulu namadamu. EYurophu, umthamo ofakiwe ugqama emazweni anjengeFrance, i-Italy, neNorway.
- Ugesi omncane wamanzi: Amaphrojekthi anamandla angaphansi kuka-10 MW avamile ezindaweni zasemakhaya ukuze asetshenziswe endaweni noma ezindaweni ezinemithombo yamanzi elinganiselwe. ISpain ne-Italy bangabaholi ekusebenziseni lobu buchwepheshe ngaphakathi kwe-European Union.
- Ukuqoqwa kokupompa: Lolu hlelo lokusebenza luyisihluthulelo sokugcina amandla atholakala emithonjeni yesikhashana efana nelanga noma umoya. Isamba somthamo wesitoreji esimpontshiwe sifinyelela kuma-gigawatts ambalwa e-Europe, kanti iSpain ingelinye lamazwe anengqalasizinda ehamba phambili.
Izinzuzo zemvelo nezenhlalo
Amandla kagesi kagesi awazuzi nje kuphela ukukhiqiza ugesi ohlanzekile, kodwa futhi namandla awo okwenza lawula ukugeleza kwemifula, ukusiza ekuphathweni kwamanzi ukuze asetshenziswe abantu kanye nezolimo, kanye namandla awo okuvimbela izikhukhula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingqalasizinda eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ziwumthombo womsebenzi kanye nenjini yezomnotho ezindaweni zasemakhaya, ezinomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwendawo kanye nokuhlaliswa kwabantu.
Icala eliphawulekayo ukuthuthukiswa kwamaphrojekthi ahlanganisiwe, njengalelo lika I-Alqueva ePortugal, ehlanganisa amandla kagesi elanga namandla kagesi, ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ezivuselelekayo kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuzinza okukhulu ekuhlinzekeni kukagesi.
Umthelela wendawo kanye nezixazululo ezintsha
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zazo, ukwakhiwa nokusebenza kwezitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi kungaba nomthelela ongemuhle ezindaweni eziphila emanzini. Ukuguqulwa kwezindawo zokuhlala emifuleni kanye nezithiyo ekufudukeni kwezinhlanzi yizinkinga eziyinhloko ezihambisana nayo. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni yamuva nje kuye kwathuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe ukuze benze izitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi zisimame.
Iphrojekthi yaseYurophu I-FIThydro, ngokwesibonelo, uye waphenya ukwakhiwa kwezixazululo zobuchwepheshe ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wemvelo wezitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Izimpumelelo zihlanganisa izinto eziqondisa izinhlanzi kude nezinjini zomoya noma ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha obuqinisekisa ukuthi izitshalo ziyasebenza kuyilapho kunciphisa ukulimala kwemvelo.
Imiklamo emisha yokuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda
Enye yezinto ezihamba phambili eYurophu wukwenziwa kwesimanjemanje kwengqalasizinda ekhona. Amaphrojekthi afana ne-iAMP-Hydro ayenziwa, okuhloswe ngawo ukuthuthukisa inkundla yokuphatha ehlakaniphile yezitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ngokusekelwe kubuhlakani bokwenziwa. Le platform izovumela ukuqaliswa kwezinyathelo ze Ukulungiswa Kokubikezela, ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kanye nokunciphisa izindleko zokulungisa.
Ukwengeza, kwenziwa imizamo yokwenza idijithali yezitshalo zaseYurophu eziphehlwa ngamanzi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthathwa kwezinqumo nokunciphisa umthelela kwezemvelo. Ukusebenzisa idijithali kuzovumela ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ukuthi kuthuthukiswe ngezikhathi zesomiso futhi kunciphise ukuncika esimweni sezulu.
Ikusasa lamandla kagesi wamanzi eYurophu
Inhloso ye-European Union yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kanye nokuzuza u-20% wamandla akhiqizwa emithonjeni evuselelekayo ngo-2020 ayisebenzi ngokufanayo kuwo wonke amazwe, futhi ivumela amazwe anamandla amakhulu okuphehla ugesi, njengamaNordics adlule leso sibalo, kanti amanye athuthukile kancane. amazwe akulo mkhakha ahlala engaphansi kwawo.
Nakuba kungezona zonke izimboni ezinkulu zokumpompa ezibhekwa njengezivuselelekayo ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-decarbonisation, umfutho obheke emandleni okugcina amakhulu kanye nokuqaliswa kwezisombululo ezisimeme kakhudlwana kuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kagesi azoqhubeka nokuba yisisekelo ekukhishweni kwe-carbonisation yase-Europe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo ezifana I-European Hydroelectric Alliance, eyakhiwe izinkampani zikagesi eziyinhloko eYurophu, ikhuthaza ukufakwa kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi ku-Green Deal ye-European Union, igqamisa indima yayo yamasu ekunikezeni amandla ahlanzekile nasekulawuleni uhlelo lukagesi.
Amandla kagesi, ngokungangabazeki, angenye yezinsika zekusasa lamandla laseYurophu. Nakuba ibhekene nezinselelo ezifana nengqalasizinda egugayo kanye nomthelela wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, amandla ayo okugcina nokuvumelana nezimo kuyenza ibe umsizi obalulekile oguqukweni oluya ohlelweni lukagesi oluzinzile.