amandla olwandle Ingenye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kancane zamandla avuselelekayo emhlabeni namuhla. Nokho, izilwandle nezilwandle kunamandla amakhulu okuthi uma esetshenziswa ngendlela efanele akwazi ukuhlangabezana nesidingo esikhulu sikagesi emhlabeni. Lolu hlobo lwamandla lunemithombo eminingi, njengamagagasi, amagagasi, imisinga yolwandle, ama-thermal gradients nama-saline gradients. Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo, ukuthuthukiswa kwayo kuhamba kancane ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu kanye nezinselele zobuchwepheshe ezihambisanayo.
Izinhlobo zamandla asolwandle
Kunezindlela eziningana zokusebenzisa i- amandla olwandle, ngayinye inobuchwepheshe nezinselele zayo. Nazi imininingwane eyinhloko:
Amandla we-Wave
Yaziwa nangokuthi amandla we-wave, lolu hlobo lwamandla olwandle lutholakala ngokusizakala ngokuhamba kwamagagasi phezu kolwandle. Amagagasi akhiqizwa isenzo somoya emanzini, futhi njengoba umoya ukhiqizwa imisebe yelanga, singabheka amandla amaza njengokuphuma kwamandla elanga.
Amagagasi aqukethe inani elikhulu lamandla e-kinetic ngenxa yokunyakaza kwawo kwe-oscillatory. Ezinye izindawo zeplanethi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinomoya ovunguzayo, zinamandla amakhulu okusebenzisa lolu hlobo lwamandla. Isibonelo, ezifundeni zaseNyakatho ye-Atlantic Ocean, amandla aqukethwe amagagasi angafinyelela ku-70 MW ngekhilomitha lesikwele.
Kunobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene bokuthwebula amandla amagagasi. Amadivayisi afana amakholomu amanzi anyakazayo, the ama-attenuators noma i ama-terminator antantayo. Lezi zindlela ziguqula ukunyakaza kwamagagasi abe amandla awusizo ngokusebenzisa ama-turbines noma ama-hydraulic systems.
Amandla omswakama
La Amandla wamanzi olwandle Ikhiqizwa ngokusizakala ngokukhuphuka nokuwa kwezinga lamanzi akhiqizwa amagagasi, okubangelwa ukudonseka kwamandla adonsela phansi kwelanga nenyanga olwandle. Lesi simo, esenzeka ngendlela ebikezelwayo, senza amandla olwandle abe umthombo onokwethenjelwa kakhulu.
Izinhlelo eziyinhloko ezisetshenziselwa ukubamba amandla olwandle zihlanganisa amadikhi okwakha noma amadamu ezindaweni ezisogwini lapho izinga lamanzi lishintsha kakhulu ngokuhambisana namagagasi. Uma uvula amasango ezikhukhula, amanzi adlula kuma-turbines, aphehla ugesi.
Isibonelo esiphawulekayo sokusetshenziswa kwalobu buchwepheshe isikhungo sokuphehla amandla olwandle iLa Rance eFrance, esinamandla angu-240 MW.
Amandla avela emanzini olwandle
I-Las Imisinga ye-Ocean Ziwukunyakaza koquqaba lwamanzi okwenzeka olwandle ngenxa yesenzo somoya nezinye izici ze-geophysical. Ukuze kusetshenziswe amandla e-kinetic alawa misinga, kusetshenziswa izinjini zomoya ezingaphansi kwamanzi ezifana nezinjini zomoya, kodwa zijwayelane nemvelo yasemanzini.
Inselele enkulu yokuthuthukiswa kwalobu buchwepheshe ukungahambi kahle kwejubane lemisinga yolwandle, kanye nobunzima bezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho bokufaka nokugcina izinjini zomoya phansi olwandle.
Ama-gradients ashisayo
La amandla e-gradient ashisayo Isekelwe ekusebenziseni umehluko wokushisa phakathi kwamanzi angaphezulu, ashiswa imisebe yelanga, namanzi ajulile, ahlala ebanda. Lesi simo senzeka ezindaweni ezishisayo noma ezisenkabazwe, lapho ukuthambekela okushisayo phakathi komhlaba nokujula kolwandle kubaluleke kakhulu unyaka wonke.
Ukuguqula la mandla abe ugesi, amasistimu asebenza ngokulandela umjikelezo we-thermodynamic (ngokuvamile umjikelezo we-Rankine) asetshenziswa. Kodwa-ke, inzuzo yalezi zitshalo isanqunyelwe ngenxa yezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ezibizayo ezidingekayo ekusebenzeni kwazo.
Ama-saladi gradients
La amandla ama-saline gradients, noma amandla aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, itholakala ngokusizakala umehluko wokugcwala kukasawoti phakathi kwamanzi olwandle namanzi omfula ahlanzekile. La mandla athathwa ikakhulukazi ngezinqubo ze-osmosis ehlehlayo noma izinqubo ze-electrodialysis.
Njengamanje, lobu buchwepheshe busesigabeni sokuhlola, ngamaphrojekthi okulinga afana nalawo e-Statkraft eNorway, eyethule imboni yokuqala emhlabeni ye-osmosis e-Oslo Fjord.
Ungawasebenzisa kanjani amandla la
Ukubophela amandla olwandle kuseyinselele, kodwa amandla awo makhulu kakhulu. I amandla we-wave Yilona esenze inqubekelaphambili enkulu mayelana nocwaningo nentuthuko, ngamaphrojekthi ahamba phambili ezindaweni ezifana ne-United Kingdom ne-Portugal. Nokho, i Amandla wamanzi olwandle, naphezu komthelela wayo wendawo, isetshenziswe ngempumelelo ezindaweni ezifana ne-La Rance, nakuba ingazange iphindwe kabanzi ngenxa yomthelela wayo ophezulu wemvelo.
I-Las Imisinga ye-Ocean, nakuba zithembisa, zibhekana nenkinga yokuhamba olwandle kwezinye izindawo ezinesithakazelo esikhulu. Kodwa-ke, uma ubuchwepheshe buthuthukisiwe ukuze kusetshenziswe ama-turbines ezindaweni ezijulile ngokwanele, le nkinga ingase incishiswe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusetshenziswa kwama-gradients ashisayo ne-saline kusesesigabeni sokuhlola, futhi akuzuzisi okwamanje. Nakuba lokhu akusho ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe abunakusasa, njengoba ukutshalwa kwezimali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kusaqhubeka.
Amandla wamandla olwandle esikhathini esizayo
Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe basolwandle bekuhamba kancane kuneminye imithombo evuselelekayo njengomoya noma amandla elanga, kodwa amandla abo ayabonakala. Ngokusho kwe-International Energy Agency, ngo-2050, amandla olwandle kulindeleke ukuthi afake isandla ku-10% wokuphehlwa kukagesi eYurophu, okukhombisa umkhathizwe othembisayo.
Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha, kanye nokwanda kokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, kuqhuba amaphrojekthi amaningi okulinga emhlabeni jikelele. Izifunda ezifana neScotland, Spain kanye neNorway zihamba phambili kule ndawo, ngamaphrojekthi ahloswe ngamagagasi namandla olwandle.
E-Latin America, amazwe afana neChile, iBrazil neMexico aseqalile ukusungula amaphrojekthi awo anamandla olwandle, okukhombisa ukuthi intshisekelo kulobu buchwepheshe isiqala ukuhamba emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngokusekelwa izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni kanye nezimali ezanele, amandla olwandle kungenzeka abe yingxenye ebalulekile yengxube yamandla omhlaba emashumini eminyaka ezayo. Lawa mandla awavuselelwa kuphela futhi awapheli, kodwa futhi ane umthelela ophansi kwezemvelo futhi ingakhiqiza izinkulungwane zemisebenzi embonini yamandla avuselelekayo.
Njengoba intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nokwehliswa kwezindleko kuqhubeka, amandla olwandle azodlala indima ebalulekile ekuguqukeleni ekubeni nekusasa lamandla ahlanzekile nelisimeme.