Njengoba sesike sakhuluma ngezinye izikhathi, ipulasitiki iwukungcola okukhulu ezilwandle nasezilwandle zethu. Izigidi zamathani epulasitiki agcinwe olwandle lwethu, okubangela imithelela engemihle ezimila nezilwane ezihlala kuzo.
Kukhona cishe amathani ayizigidi eziyi-12 udoti wepulasitiki olwandle. Lokhu kungcola akubonakali njengezinye izinhlobo zokungcola, kodwa ngokusobala kuyinkinga yomhlaba wonke. Ochwepheshe balinganisela ukuthi kuze kufike kumaphesenti amahlanu awo wonke amapulasitiki akhiqizwa emhlabeni wonke agcina ewudoti olwandle. Kodwa kwenzekani ngalawa mapulasitiki? Futhi iyini imiphumela yako esimisweni sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle?
Ukungcola kwezilwandle nezilwandle
Amapulasitiki amaningi afika olwandle ngemifula. Uma le mfucumfucu ifika olwandle, isakazwa yimisinga yasolwandle, ithinte izindawo ezinkulu. Imfucumfucu ayitholakali kuphela ogwini, kodwa nangaphezulu nangaphansi kolwandle. Ngaphandle kwalokho, U-80% wokungcola olwandle ivela emhlabeni, kuyilapho kuphela i-20% ekhiqizwa imisebenzi yasolwandle njengemikhumbi.
Imfucumfucu yepulasitiki ingafinyelela olwandle ngenxa yokungaphathwa kahle kwemfucuza, umoya nemvula okuhudulela emifuleni, nangenxa yokuchitheka kwengozi ngengozi. Uma sebesolwandle, isiphetho sabo asiqiniseki: bangantanta, bacwile noma bagwinywe izilwane zasolwandle. Lokhu kusiletha kwesinye sezici ezishaqisayo zale nkinga yezemvelo: microplastics.
Inkinga ye-microplastics
Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ekungcolisweni kwepulasitiki yamanje i-microplastics. Lezi izinhlayiya ezincane zepulasitiki, umphumela wokuwohloka kwezinto ezinkulu noma izinhlayiya ezikhishwe ngokuqondile emvelweni ngezimonyo noma ukuhuzuka kwamasondo. Njengamanje kulinganiselwa ukuthi 5 bhiliyoni izinhlayiya microplastic Zintanta olwandle lwethu, zinesisindo esingamathani angama-270.000. Ngokocwaningo, i-94% yezinyoni zasolwandle ezifa ogwini lwaseJalimane zine-microplastics esiswini sazo.
Ama-Microplastics anzima ukuwakhipha emvelweni futhi ahlakazeke kalula. Ubuncane bazo busho ukuthi izilwane eziningi ziyazidla zicabanga ukuthi ziwukudla, okubangela izinkinga zokugaya ukudla, ukungondleki futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, nokufa. Ukwengeza, ngokungena ochungechungeni lokudla, abantu bangasebenzisa nama-microplastic ngokudla kwasolwandle.
Izikhwama zepulasitiki nenkinga yamazwe asafufusa
Emazweni amaningi athuthukile, njengaseJalimane, izikhwama zepulasitiki ziya ngokuya zibe nemingcele noma ziqedwe. Nokho, kweminye iminotho esafufusa, ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki kuyaqhubeka nokwanda ngenxa yokukhula kwezimboni. Lokhu kwandisa kakhulu ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki. Ngokwemininingwane yakamuva, cishe amathani ayizigidi eziyi-150 epulasitiki asevele entanta olwandle.
Kulezi zifunda, ukuqoqwa kukadoti kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha azanele noma azikho. Ukuntuleka kwengqalasizinda eyanele kwenza kube lula ukuthi udoti wepulasitiki uphelele emifuleni, bese uphelela olwandle, kube yinkinga yomhlaba wonke. Ngokwesibonelo, u-9% kuphela wepulasitiki ogaywa kabusha emhlabeni wonke, okwenza kube nzima nakakhulu inkinga yemfucuza yepulasitiki. Ukungcola okubangelwa amazwe asafufusa kuthinta kakhulu imvelo yasolwandle futhi kumelela inselelo yomhlaba wonke.
Izindleko zokuhlanza ugu lwekhilomitha elilodwa nje zingafinyelela I-65.000 euro ngonyaka, okubeka umthwalo omkhulu wezezimali kohulumeni basekhaya.
Umthelela ezilwaneni zasolwandle
Umthelela wepulasitiki empilweni yasolwandle mubi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwe Izinhlobo ezingama-600 Izindawo zasolwandle zithintwa udoti wepulasitiki, ngokuwungenisa noma ukuvaleleka kuwo. Imikhomo, amahlengethwa kanye nezimfudu zasolwandle ziphambanisa imfucuza yepulasitiki nokudla kwazo, okunemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Ngo-2018, kwatholakala umkhomo eMurcia 30 kilograms plastic esiswini sakhe, okwabangela ukufa kwakhe ngenxa yokutheleleka kwesisu.
I-Microplastics ayilimazi kuphela izinhlobo ezinkulu, kodwa futhi ithinta izinhlanzi ezincane nezinye izidalwa zasolwandle. Lezi zinhlayiya zinqwabelana ezintweni eziphila kuzo futhi, lapho zidliwa izilwane ezidla ezinye ezinkulu, zingena ochungechungeni lokudla. Ekugcineni, abantu bangasebenzisa la ma-microplastics lapho bedla ukudla kwasolwandle okungcolile.
Ipulasitiki kanye nobudlelwano bayo nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu
Ipulasitiki ayigcini nje ngokuba nemiphumela engemihle ezintweni eziphilayo zasolwandle, kodwa futhi inomthelela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. Ngaphezu kwe I-90% yepulasitiki Esikusebenzisa namuhla kwenziwa ngezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi ezifana nowoyela negesi. Ukukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki kukhiqiza inani elikhulu le-carbon dioxide (CO2), enye yamagesi ayinhloko anomthelela ekufudumaleni komhlaba. Ngo-2015, ukukhishwa komhlaba wonke okuhlobene nokukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki kwakuyi-gigatonnes engu-1,7 ye-CO2. Uma ukukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki kuqhubeka ngezinga lamanje, ngo-2050 lokho kukhishwa kulindeleke ukuthi kuphindaphindeke kathathu kuye cishe ku-6,5 gigatonnes.
Ngisho nakanye emvelweni, amapulasitiki ayaqhubeka nokuba nomthelela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi uma amapulasitiki echayeke elangeni, ayakhulula i-methane ne-ethylene, amagesi amabili abamba ukushisa anamandla abangela ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke.
Izixazululo ezingenzeka nezinye izinqubomgomo
Ebhekene nale nkinga, amazwe amaningi nezinhlangano seziqalile ukusebenzisa izinqubomgomo zokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki nokukhuthaza umnotho oyindilinga. Lezi zinqubomgomo zigxile ekwehliseni amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye, ukukhuthaza ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokuthuthukisa ezinye izinto ezivumelana nemvelo.
I-European Union ivimbele imikhiqizo ethile yepulasitiki esetshenziswa kanye nje, njengotshani, izinto zokusika, amapuleti namaswabhu kakotini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amapulasitiki angaboli asekelwe ezintweni zemvelo ezifana nesitashi nolwelwe ayathuthukiswa. Nakuba lezi zindlela ezihlukile zingakabi isixazululo esiphelele, zimelela isinyathelo sokuqala esibheke esikhathini esizayo esincike kancane kupulasitiki.
Emazingeni omhlaba, kucatshangelwa ezinye izindlela, njengokunwetshwa kwesibopho somkhiqizi, lapho izinkampani ezikhiqiza imikhiqizo yepulasitiki kufanele zikhokhe izindleko zokuphatha imfucuza yazo. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise yonke into kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kuya ekuhlanzeni amabhishi angcolile.
Njengabathengi, singaphinde sibe yingxenye yesixazululo ngokunciphisa ukusebenzisa kwethu amapulasitiki, ukugaywa kabusha ngendlela efanele kanye nokukhetha ezinye izindlela ezisimeme.
Ipulasitiki isuke ekubeni yinto eshintshashintshayo yaba usongo emvelweni. Nakuba sesivele siyibona imiphumela elimazayo, sisenesikhathi sokushintsha lesi simo futhi sivikele izilwandle zethu.