Brasil Yaziwa njengelinye lamazwe abaluleke kakhulu eLatin America ngenxa yobukhulu bayo nomnotho omkhulu, oqhutshwa kakhulu imithombo yemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iBrazil ibe yingqalabutho esifundeni uma kuziwa ekufuneni ezinye izindlela zokusebenzisa amandla ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, futhi kusukela ngo-2005 iye yathuthukisa amandla ayo. ama-biofuel, ikakhulukazi ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sasekhaya, ikakhulukazi emishinini yezolimo nezimoto ezinkulu.
Kulesi sihloko sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe ukuvela kokukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel e-Brazil, izinselelo ebhekene nazo, izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni eziqhube lokhu kukhula, nokuthi izwe seliphenduke kanjani uphawu lomhlaba wonke kulo mkhakha.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Biofuel eBrazil: Umholi womhlaba
IBrazil yiyona umkhiqizi wesibili omkhulu we-bioethanol emhlabeni, futhi ngo-2009, ikhiqize amalitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-26 zalesi biofuel, ngaphezu kwamalitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.1 we-biodiesel. Eqinisweni, ngo-2010, kwakulindeleke ukukhiqizwa kwama-biofuel amalitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.400, okuyisibalo esiye saqhubeka sikhula ngokuphawulekayo emashumini eminyaka amuva nje.
Ngokombiko wakamuva we-National Agency for Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP), ngo-2023 iBrazil yafinyelela umlando ngokukhiqiza. 43 billion wamalitha ye-biofuels, enezela i-bioethanol ne-biodiesel. Lokhu kukhula kwenzeke ngenxa yezinqubomgomo ezimbalwa zombuso ezikhuthaza ukukhiqizwa, ukugcinwa kanye nokuthuthwa kwama-biofuels, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okuvela ezinkampanini zangaphandle ezihehwa amandla emakethe yaseBrazil.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Ethanol ngo-2023 kuhlangabezane nokukhula kwe 15,5% uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule, ukufinyelela 35,4 billion wamalitha. Lokhu kuhlanganisa i-ethanol engenamanzi, exutshwe nophethiloli, ne-ethanol enamanzi, ethengiswa ngokuhlukana eziteshini zikaphethiloli. Isifunda esiseNingizimu-mpumalanga sihola ukukhiqizwa ezingeni likazwelonke nge 17,2 billion wamalitha, emele u-48,5% wokukhiqiza wase-Brazilian. Ezinye izifunda ezifana neNyakatho-mpumalanga, iNingizimu kanye neCentral-West nazo zibonise ukwanda okukhulu.
Amafutha aqhubekayo: Ngaphandle kwe-ethanol ne-biodiesel
Enye yentuthuko enkulu yakamuva embonini ye-biofuels eBrazil ukukhiqizwa kwe biomethane, uphethiloli otholakala ezintweni eziphilayo eziye zanda 12,3% ngo-2023, yafinyelela ku-74,9 million m³. Le biofuel inamandla amakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezimbonini nasezintweni zokuthutha ezinkulu, lapho sikhula isidingo sezinye izindlela esikhundleni sikadizili.
I-Biodiesel, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ifinyelele ngaphezu 7,5 billion wamalitha ngo-2023, okuqhutshwa, ngokwengxenye, ukwenyuka kwephesenti eliyimpoqo lokuhlanganisa nodizili laya ku-12%. Isifunda esiseNingizimu sisaqhubeka nokuba ngumkhiqizi omkhulu kunabo bonke, njengoba sinamalitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-3,1, silandelwa eduze yiCentre-West enamalitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu.
Uhulumeni waseBrazil ukhombise intshisekelo enkulu ekuqhubekeni nokuthuthukisa i-biofuels njengengxenye esemqoka ukuguqulwa kwamandla emithonjeni ehlanzekile, eguqulwa ibe uphethiloli osimeme wendiza, ezokuthutha zasolwandle, kanye nokuphehla ugesi. Izinqubomgomo ezigxile ekuhlukaniseni imithombo yamandla zisiza ukuhola indlela yoguquko olunobulungiswa nolubandakanyayo.
Izici ezibalulekile zempumelelo yemboni ye-biofuels e-Brazil
Impumelelo yale mboni ayenzekanga nje. I-Brazil iqalise amaphrojekthi amakhulu ukukhuthaza ukubamba iqhaza kwabalimi abancane nabaphakathi ochungechungeni lokukhiqiza i-biofuel, besebenzisa izitshalo ezahlukene njengempahla eluhlaza. Phakathi kwabo, gqama:
- inkinobho yomcibisholo wokuphenya: Isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukukhiqizwa kwe-biodiesel.
- Umoba: Iwumkhiqizo oyinhloko we-ethanol e-Brazil, esebenza kahle kakhulu kunombila, osetshenziswa kwamanye amazwe.
- I-Yucca: Ibuye ihlolwe njengomthombo ongaba khona we-ethanol.
- I-Jatropha: Isitshalo esisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-biodiesel.
- Imfucuza yezinto eziphilayo kanye nezimila zasolwandle: Intuthuko yakamuva ibonisa imiphumela ethembisayo ekukhiqizweni kwe-biofuel.
Ngenxa yokwehlukahlukana kwezitshalo kanye nokwandiswa komhlaba olimekayo, iBrazil ikwazile ukusebenzela izimakethe zendawo kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngaphandle, ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ukuphepha kokudla. Kuze kube manje, uHulumeni usesebenzise izivumelwano nabalimi ukuze ukukhiqizwa kwabo kungabi sengozini ngenxa yesidingo se-biofuels.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukunwetshwa kwama-biofuels ngeke kwenzeke ngaphandle kwenethiwekhi ebanzi ingqalasizinda ezokuthutha nokugcina, okudinge ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu. Eqinisweni, izinkampani eziningi zakwamanye amazwe ziye zabona amandla omnotho waseBrazil futhi zajoyina lo mzamo, okhiqize izinkulungwane zemisebenzi kuwo wonke umkhakha.
Umthelela kanye nezinselelo zemvelo
Nakuba inqubo yokukhiqiza i-biofuel e-Brazil, ngokujwayelekile, isebenza kahle kakhulu futhi ayingcolisi kangako kunamafutha emvelo, isabhekene nokuthile okuqinisekile. izinselelo zemvelo. Inani elikhulu lomhlaba elidingekayo ukuze kutshalwe izitshalo zokukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel libeka izinselelo ezihlobene nokugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokusetshenziswa komhlaba, izici uhulumeni azilungisayo ngezinqubomgomo zokusimama.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo olwenziwa yi-Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) lwagqamisa ukuthi iBrazil ihola isu lesifunda lokukhuthaza ama-biofuels njengethuluzi lokususa ikhabhoni kwezokuthutha, ikakhulukazi kumongo weSivumelwano saseParis. Ingxenye yalelisu ihlanganisa okwakamuva Umthetho Wamafutha Esikhathi esizayo, lapho iBrazil ifuna ukwandisa iphesenti lokunqanyulwa kukaphethiloli nge-ethanol lifike ku-35%, nokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibaseli zezindiza eziqhubekayo (SAF).
Uguquko lwamandla eBrazil alugcini nje ngokumboza ama-biofuel, njengoba izwe liphinde lazibophezela ngokuqinile kweminye imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo njenge i-solar, lo umoya futhi i ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi. Ngokuhlanganisa le mithombo yamandla nobuholi bayo kuma-biofuels, i-Brazil isesimweni esihle sokufeza imigomo yayo yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni.
I-Brazil ikhombisile ukuthi ama-biofuels ayindlela esebenzayo neqhubekayo esikhathini eside, enomthelela kukho kokubili ukuthuthukiswa komnotho kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa. Ngomkhakha okhula njalo nokugxila kwamasu ekuhlukaniseni izitshalo nobuchwepheshe, izwe lihola uguquko lwamandla eLatin America.
Phakathi nenqubo yakhe yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, umuntu ubuse imvelo, wayenza umthombo wakhe wokudla namandla. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-20000 XNUMX eyedlule waqonda ukuthi angasebenzisa izinkuni nezitshalo ezomile ukupheka ukudla kwakhe futhi azinikeze ukushisa lapho kubanda. Le nqubo ibingokwemvelo ngoba ayizange iguqule kakhulu amandla, ezemvelo kanye nokulinganisela kwemvelo. Ngesikhathi senguquko yezimboni kulapho, kumuntu, enye yezinkinga ezingaholela ekuqothulweni iqala, kusukela eminyakeni embalwa edlule, umonakalo odaleke emvelweni usubonakala kakhulu, kuphela kubheka ngakithi ukwazi ukuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle. Ukungalingani okubangelwe akusekho ikakhulukazi kwezemvelo, kepha futhi kufaka nesici senhlalo, ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile kwezinsizakusebenza zethu kuzoba umvuthwandaba wokubhujiswa kwethu, manje umuntu njengesilwane ubhekene nesimo esinzima kakhulu, umthombo wamandla esakholelwa kuwo ukungabi namkhawulo manje Ineminyaka embalwa kuphela ukuthi iphele. Amandla abizwa ngezinsalela angena esikhathini sokushoda, okuzodala, njengoba bekulindelekile, kube ngesinye sezinkinga zomnotho ezidabukisayo ezikhathini zakamuva. Umhlaba wonke, ikakhulukazi amazwe ampofu, uzobhekana nezinhlekelele eziningi, amanani emikhiqizo azokhuphuka aze afike ezingeni elingalindelekile futhi umhlaba uzobhekana nendlala ebhubhisa kakhulu. Uhlelo lwamanje lwezomnotho olulawula amazwe amaningi ekugcineni luzoba nguyena odala le nkinga, lufana nendlu yamakhadi ezowa kungekudala. Ngenxa yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke okuhlanganisa izwe ngalinye nomhlaba wonke, bonke bazoshaywa ngandlela thile kanti abanye ngamandla amakhulu kunabanye. Kubalulekile ukuthi izwe noma isizwe sisebenzise izinqubomgomo zamandla zesikhathi eside ezibakhulula ekuncikeni emithonjeni yezinsalela, ikakhulukazi uwoyela. Imithombo yamandla engajwayelekile idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Kunamandla amakhulu atholakala emhlabeni wethu, amandla elanga awodwa akhiqiza amandla aphindwe ka-15 kunalawo esiwadlayo ngosuku. Lo mthombo wamandla neminye eminingi efana nomoya, olwandle kanye ne-biomass kungaba yisixazululo sale nhlekelele. Kodwa ngaphandle kwezinqubomgomo ezicacile, akukho okuningi okungalindelwa.Isibonelo, iBrazil, ihlanganisa ama-50% wamandla ayo asetshenziswa ngamandla avuselelekayo, ikakhulukazi ama-biofuels. IBrazil iqonde kusenesikhathi ukuthi izwe lingachuma ngokusebenzisa izinsiza zemvelo nezingavuselelwa ngendlela efanele. Kuyamangaza ukuthi cishe i-90% yamandla okusetshenziswa ivela ku-oyela, i-7% kumandla enuzi nokuthi yi-3% kuphela embozwe ngamandla angavuseleleki, ngoba ngeke kubamangaze osomabhizinisi abaningi bakawoyela, ngoba imithombo yamandla angajwayelekile ayikhiqizi inzuzo enkulu, njengoba kwenza uwoyela.