La Imvelo isiqala ukulinganiswa ngokuthula kwayo kanye nemisindo yayo.Lapho ngaphambili kwakwanele ukubheka, manje ososayensi badinga nokulalela ukuze baqonde ukuthi kwenzekani empilweni emhlabeni futhi baqonde okuhlangenwe nakho kwemizwa emvelweniPhakathi kwenkinga yezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukuzwa sekuyinto ebalulekile, kanye nezinyoni, uhlobo lwe-thermometer ye-sonic yempilo yezindawo zemvelo.
Kulesi simo, kuvele iphrojekthi yokuqala: a ibhange lomsindo wezinyoni zomhlaba wonke elenzelwe ukulalela ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeniNgemuva kwalolu hlelo kukhona ithimba elikhulu lamazwe ngamazwe eliholwa livela eSpain eliye lafeza lokho okwakubonakala sengathi yindaba yesayensi kuze kube muva nje: ukuqoqa, ukubhala amanothi ngokunembile nokwenza izinkulungwane zamarekhodi ezingoma zezinyoni kanye nezingcingo ezivela cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba zitholakale emphakathini.
Iyini i-WABAD World Bird Sound Bank?
Isethi Yedatha Yezinyoni Ebhalwe Ngamagama Ezwe (i-WABAD) igama eliphelele lale ngosi yomsindo yomhlaba wonke enkulu. Kuyiqoqo ledatha ye-acoustic echazwe ngokuningiliziwe ngezinyoni, edalwe ngenhloso ecacile kakhulu: ukwenza kube lula ukuthuthukiswa kwama-algorithms azokwenza ukuhlonza ngokuzenzakalelayo izinhlobo ngezingoma noma izingcingo zazofuthi usebenzise lolo lwazi ukuqapha ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo ngezinga elikhulu.
Iphrojekthi i iqondiswe yizazi zezinto eziphilayo zaseSpain u-Esther Sebastián-González, evela kuMnyango Wezemvelo eNyuvesi yase-Alicante (UA), kanye UCristian Pérez-Granados, evela e-Center de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), e-Solsona (Lleida). Okwaqala njengombono weqembu elincane lochwepheshe sekuphenduke inethiwekhi yesayensi yomhlaba wonke abacwaningi abangaphezu kwekhulu abavela emazweni angu-29 uhilelekile ekuqoqweni nasekurekhodweni kwedatha.
Leli bhange lomphakathi liqoqa okuqoshiwe kwezinhlobo zezinyoni ezingaba ngu-1.200 ezivela kuwo wonke amazwekazi amahlanuNgamanye amazwi, asibhekene neqoqo lendawo noma elingaphelele, kodwa sibhekene nengobo yomlando yomhlaba wonke ehlanganisa imisindo evela ezindaweni ezihlukene kakhulu: amahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo, izindawo ezimanzi zasogwini, izindawo ezinotshani, izintaba zaseMedithera, izindawo zezolimo noma amahlathi ase-Asia, phakathi kwezinye eziningi.
Umqondo oyisisekelo ulula njengoba unamandlaUma sazi ukuthi yiziphi izinyoni ezicula endaweni ethile nokuthi ngasiphi isikhathi, singabona ukuthi leyo ndawo ishintsha kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Futhi uma singaqeqesha ubuhlakani bokwenziwa ukuze buqaphele ngokuzenzakalelayo lezo zingoma, khona-ke singaqapha izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba ngaphandle kokudinga ochwepheshe bezinyoni ukuthi bazulazule njalo endaweni.
Ngamafuphi, i-WABAD iziveza njenge ingqalasizinda yesayensi ebalulekile yokulalela isimo sezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukukhiqiza idatha ethembekile nokusekela ukwenza izinqumo ekulondolozweni nasekuphathweni kwemvelo emazingeni endawo nasemhlabeni jikelele.
Ingobo yomlando yomsindo womhlaba wonke: izibalo kanye nobubanzi bephrojekthi
Enye yamandla amakhulu e-WABAD yi- ubukhulu kanye nokwehlukahluka kokuqukethwe kwayoAkukhona nje ukuqoqa amarekhodi omsindo ahlukanisiwe, kodwa mayelana nokwakha isithombe se-sonic esinemininingwane eminingi sezinyoni zomhlaba. Isethi yedatha okwamanje ifaka:
- Amafayela omsindo emizuzu engu-5.047 kuhlaziywe futhi kwaphawulwa.
- Amathegi okubiza amagama angaphezu kuka-90.000 yezinyoni, ngayinye ehlotshaniswa nohlobo oluthile kanye nesikhathi esithile ekurekhodweni.
- Izinhlobo zezinyoni ezingu-1.192 eziqoshiwe, ezicishe zibe yi-1.200 ezishiwo ezincazelweni ezijwayelekile zephrojekthi.
- Izindawo zokuhlala ezingama-72 ezahlukene ezisatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke, kusukela emahlathini anesimo sezulu esipholile kuya emahlathini emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo, okuhlanganisa amaxhaphozi, izindawo eziluhlaza zaseMedithera noma izindawo zasemakhaya.
Le datha ivela ku- amazwe ahlukahlukeneUhlu luhlanganisa izindawo ezahlukahlukene njengeVietnam, iTaiwan, iNew Caledonia, iGuinea-Bissau, iGuatemala, iShayina, iCyprus, i-Ukraine, iCosta Rica, i-Argentina, iBurkina Faso, iDominican Republic, iNew Zealand, iPoland, iSweden, iCameroon, iScotland, iCanada, i-United States, i-Uganda, iJalimane, iFrance, iGrisi, iMexico, iColombia, iBrazil, i-Indonesia kanye, neSpain.
Uma sihlaziya inani lolwazi ngokwezwekazi, IYurophu ihola phambili ekubekweni con Imizuzu engu-1.722 yokuqophacishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zenani lilonke. Lokhu kulandelwa yi Amazwe ase-Ibero-American anemizuzu engu-939, INyakatho Melika nge-858, I-Asia ene-831, I-Afrika enama-408 y I-Oceania ngemizuzu engama-289Lokhu kusatshalaliswa kubonisa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho umsebenzi ube nzima kakhulu kuze kube manje, kanye nezifunda ezinethuba elikhulu lokukhula ezigabeni zesikhathi esizayo zephrojekthi.
Inani le-WABAD alikho nje kuphela enanini lemizuzu eqoqwe, kodwa futhi nase- ikhwalithi kanye nokunemba kwezichasiseloUkuphimisa ngakunye kuphawula ngomzuzwana oqondile inyoni ekhipha ingoma noma ukukhala, okunikeza izinga elingavamile lemininingwane. Lokhu kubhala kwesilinganiso sesibili kuvumela ukwakhiwa kwe amasethi okuqeqesha amahle kakhulu ama-algorithms obuhlakani bokwenziwaokwazi ukufunda ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo zezilwane ngisho noma kunemisindo eminingi ehambisanayo noma umsindo wangemuva ozungezile, okuhlanganisa ukungcola komsindo.
Ngenxa yalokhu kuhlanganiswa kobubanzi bezindawo, ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo zokuhlala, kanye nokuchazwa okunembile, i-WABAD iphakathi kwezindawo ezihlala kuzo. izizindalwazi ze-acoustic eziphelele kakhulu neziqinile zezinyoni ezithuthukiswe kuze kube manje, futhi iba yinsika ye-bioacoustics kanye ne-ecology ye-soundscape.
Indlela okuqoshwa ngayo futhi kuchazwa ngayo okuqoshiwe kwezinyoni
Ukuze wondle le database yomhlaba wonke, akwanele ukuya ensimini nge-recorder ephathwayo bese uqopha izingoma ezimbalwa zezinyoni. Le ndlela isekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwe- amadivayisi okurekhoda okuzenzakalelayo afakwe endle, ezihlala endaweni efanayo amasonto noma ngisho nezinyanga, zithwebula yonke imisindo ezungezile.
Lezi Ama-acoustic recorders ashiywe efihliwe endaweni yemveloLezi zinzwa zinamathiselwe ezihlahleni, ezigxotsheni, noma kwezinye izakhiwo eziyimfihlo futhi zihlelwe ukuthi ziqophe ngezikhathi ezithile noma ngokuqhubekayo, kuye ngokuthi inhloso yokuthatha isampula ingakanani. Le ndlela iveza imisindo engokoqobo, enezingoma zezinyoni ezixubene nemisindo yomoya, izinambuzane, izilwane ezincelisayo, kanye nemisebenzi yabantu ekude.
Uma amadivayisi eseqoqwe, ingxenye enzima kakhulu iqala: lalela, thola futhi uqaphele ukuphimisela kwezwiAmaqembu ochwepheshe ahlaziya ukuqoshwa komsindo bese emaka okwesibili lapho uhlobo ngalunye lucula khona, enezela ilebula elihambisanayo. Ezimweni eziningi, basebenzisa ama-spectrogram (ukubonakaliswa komsindo okubonakalayo) ukuthola nokuhlukanisa kangcono izingoma ekuqoshweni okuxineneyo.
Lo msebenzi onzima udala izinkulungwane zamarekhodi abhalwe ngokunemba kwesikhashana okuhle kakhuluIsichasiselo ngasinye asibonisi nje kuphela ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo oluculayo, kodwa futhi nokuthi luvela ngasiphi isikhathi esiqondile ekurekhodweni, okuyisisekelo sokuqeqesha ama-algorithms afunda ukuqaphela amaphethini omsindo ayinkimbinkimbi.
Futhi, Idatha ihlanganiswe nolwazi oluphathelene nomongo Lokhu kuqoshwa kunikeza nolwazi mayelana nendawo yokuhlala kanye nendawo yomsindo, okuvumela ososayensi ukuthi bahlobanise imisindo ethile nezinhlobo ezithile zemvelo noma amazinga okuphazamiseka kwabantu. Lo mongo ucebisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa okungenzeka kwebhange lomsindo, njengoba kuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi bafunde ukuthi imiphakathi yezinyoni ishintsha kanjani kuye ngendawo yazo.
ISpain kumephu yomsindo yomhlaba wonke: iDoñana, i-El Hondo nokuningi
ISpain idlala indima ebalulekile kulo msebenzi, hhayi nje ngenxa yobuholi bayo besayensi, kodwa futhi nangenxa izinhlobo ezahlukene zemvelo kazwelonke ezifakiwe ku-WABADE-Iberian Peninsula, okulandelayo kukhethiwe izindawo eziphawulekayo zokulondolozwa kwezinyoni, okunikeza ingcebo enkulu yezingoma nezinhlobo.
Phakathi kwezindawo zaseSpain ezimelelwe ku-database kukhona Ipaki likazwelonke laseDoana, enye yezindawo ezimanzi ezibaluleke kakhulu eYurophu, kanye Indawo yase-El Hondo e-Alicante, enye indawo ebalulekile yezinyoni zasemanzini nezinyoni ezifudukayo. Kuvela futhi USolsona (Lleida), ngamahlathi ayo kanye nemizamo yoku ukuvuselelwa kwamahlathi, IZarzalejo (eMadrid), izindawo ze I-Navarra, isifunda sase Izwe Lamahlathi Kaphayini (iValladolid), UVillena y I-Ontígola (iToledo), phakathi kwezinye izindawo zasemakhaya nezamahlathi.
Endabeni ye-peninsula, idatha ikhombisa ukuthi Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu "ezizwakalayo" yi-common chaffinch kanye ne-common blackbirdLezi zinyoni ezimbili zisakazeke kabanzi futhi ziyaziwa yinoma ubani oke wahamba epaki noma ehlathini eSpain. Izingoma zazo ziphindaphindwa kaningi ekuqopheni, okuzibeka phakathi kwezingoma eziphezulu eziqoshwe.
Eceleni kwazo, kuvele ezinye izinyoni, njenge- i-common nightingale, i-corn bunting kanye ne-robineziphinde ziqoqe inani elikhulu lamarekhodi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi phakathi kwezinhlobo ezingamashumi amabili ezinemisindo eminingi nazo ziyavela Izinyoni zaseHawaii ezifana ne-'apanane, i-'amakihi, kanye ne-'iwiLokhu kubonisa ubukhulu bomhlaba wonke balo msebenzi, lapho izinhlobo zaseYurophu, zaseMelika, zase-Asia nasePacific zihlala ndawonye kusizindalwazi esifanayo.
Indima ye- Ucwaningo lwaseSpain ngale mephu yomsindo yeplanethi lubaluleke kakhuluUkuhlanganiswa okuvela eNyuvesi yase-Alicante kanye ne-CTFC, kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwamaqembu amaningi kazwelonke, kubeka iSpain endaweni efanele ngaphakathi kwe-bioacoustics esetshenziswayo, okubonisa ukuthi amaphrojekthi asezingeni eliphezulu emhlabeni wonke nawo ayakhuthazwa kusukela lapha.
Kusukela ekubukeni ngama-binoculars kuya ekulaleleni ngama-algorithms
Sekungamashumi eminyaka, ukuqapha izinyoni cishe njalo kusekelwe ukubalwa kwabantu okubonwayo nokuzwayo okwenziwa ngabantuAmaqembu ochwepheshe bezinyoni ayehamba ngemizila emisiwe, eqaphela izinhlobo ezibonwayo noma ezizwiwayo, futhi aphinde lo msebenzi unyaka nonyaka. Nakuba le ndlela ikhiqize ulwazi olubalulekile, inemikhawulo eminingana: idla isikhathi, idinga abasebenzi abangochwepheshe kakhulu, futhi kunzima ukuyikhulisa iye ezindaweni ezinkulu noma izikhathi zokuqapha ezinde kakhulu.
Ukufika kwe I-bioacoustics ezenzakalelayo ishintsha umdlaloEsikhundleni sokuthembela kuphela kubabukeli abangabantu, manje sebengasetshenziswa izinzwa ezihlala "zilalela" imvelo bese uthumela idatha ezinhlelweni zamakhompyutha. Yilapho i-WABAD ingena khona njengengxenye ebalulekile: inikeza izinto ezidingwa ama-algorithms ukuze afunde ukuqaphela izinyoni ngemisindo yazo.
Ngenxa yezinkulungwane zamathegi okuqamba amagama, ososayensi bedatha bangakwazi ukuqeqesha amamodeli obuhlakani bokwenziwa Lawa mamodeli ayakwazi ukuhlukanisa amaphethini omsindo, ukuhlonza izinhlobo eziqoshweni ezinomsindo, kanye nokulinganisa ukuba khona kwazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Awagcini nje ngokuthi "inyoni emnyama iyacula lapha," kodwa futhi asivumela ukuthi silinganise ukuthi lolo hlobo luvela kangaki endaweni ethile noma ukuthi umsebenzi walo uhluka kanjani ngezikhathi ezahlukene zonyaka.
Empeleni, lokhu kugxuma kwezobuchwepheshe kusho ukuthi izimiso zemvelo zingakwazi ukubhekwa njalo, ngokunembile nangokunganciphisi imaliIsethi yezinzwa ezisatshalaliswa kulo lonke ipaki yemvelo ingakhiqiza uhlobo "lwe-x-ray yomsindo wesikhathi sangempela", okubonisa ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezikhona, ezinciphayo, ezivele ngokuzumayo noma ezibuyayo ngemva kokuvuselelwa kwemvelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndlela esekelwe ku-algorithm inenye inzuzo ebalulekile: Kunciphisa isidingo sokuba khona kwabantu njalo ensiminiNjengoba u-Esther Sebastián-González ngokwakhe echaza, izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo zivimbela umuntu ukuthi angachithi amahora namahora ensimini ebala izinyoni, njengoba i-algorithm ikhomba izinhlobo futhi yenza kube lula ukwazi ukuthi zingaki ezihlukene ezitholakala endaweni ethile nesikhathi esithile.
Izinyoni njengezinkomba zezinto eziphilayo: lokho izingoma zazo ezisitshela khona
Sekuyisikhathi eside kucatshangwa ukuthi izinyoni izinkomba ze-bio ezinhle kakhulu zesimo sezinto eziphilayoUkuba khona kwazo, ubuningi bazo, noma ukunyamalala kwazo kungabonakalisa izinguquko esakhiweni sezindawo zokuhlala, ikhwalithi yomoya, ukutholakala kokudla, ukungcoliswa komsindo, ngisho nemiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Ukulalela izingoma zabo, ngandlela thile, kufana nokuthi Lalela impilo yemveloUma umsindo ucebile ngokuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezinhlobo nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokucula, ngokuvamile kuwuphawu lwendlela yokusebenza ehlelekile nelondolozwe kahle. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho indawo incipha futhi okuqoshiwe kuncipha kube izinhlobo ezimbalwa ezivamile noma lezo ezibekezelela kakhulu ukuphazamiseka, kukhona okungahambi kahle ngokuvamile.
I kungenzeka Qhathanisa imisindo ngaphambi nangemva kokusebenza kwemvelo Lokhu kungenye yezindlela ezithakazelisayo kakhulu zokusebenzisa leli bhange lomsindo. Isibonelo, ngemva kokuvuselelwa kwemvelo endaweni emanzi eyonakele noma ehlathini elishisiwe, ukuhlaziya ukuthi ukushintshashintsha kwezinhlobo zezingoma zezinyoni kunganikeza kanjani izinkomba zakuqala mayelana nokululama kwesistimu, isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba ushintsho lubonakale emehlweni enyama.
Le ndlela inamandla amakhulu okuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwezinqubomgomo zemvelo kanye namaphrojekthi okulondolozwa kwemveloUkuphathwa komphakathi, abaphathi bamapaki kazwelonke noma labo abaphethe izindawo ezivikelwe bangathembela olwazini lwe-acoustic ukuze benze izinqumo ezinolwazi oluthe xaxa, babeke phambili izenzo noma bathole izinkinga ngesikhathi.
Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu, Ukuqapha i-acoustic kuyindlela engangenisi uhlaseloAsikho isidingo sokubamba noma ukuphatha izilwane, ukuziphatha kwazo akushintshi kakhulu, futhi izindawo ezinkulu zingambozwa ngaphandle komthelela omkhulu ezilwaneni zasendle. Ngesikhathi lapho ukulahleka kwezinto eziphilayo kushesha khona, ukuba namathuluzi okuqapha angangezi ingcindezi eyengeziwe ezindaweni zemvelo kubaluleke kakhulu.
Sekukonke, ibhange lomsindo wezinyoni lomhlaba wonke lizisungula njengethuluzi elibalulekile Lokhu kuyigugu emphakathini wesayensi nakulabo abaphatha umhlaba. Kusivumela ukuthi sifunde ngezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngomsindo, sithuthukise izinhlelo zokuhlonza ezenzakalelayo, futhi sisondeze umphakathi eduze komqondo onamandla: ukuthi iplanethi ingavikelwa nangokulalela indlela ehlabelela ngayo, indlela ethula ngayo, kanye nendlela i-symphony yayo yamazwi eshintsha ngayo ngenxa yezenzo zethu.
