Ukuqala ibhizinisi e- ibhizinisi lokuvuselela insimbi sekungenye yamathuba amahle ngaphakathi kwe- umnotho oyindilingaAkukhona nje kuphela ukuthi izinsimbi ziya ngokuya ziba yigugu futhi zinobuhlakani, kodwa imodeli yokulahla izinto ezikhishwe ifinyelela imingcele yayo ngokwezemvelo, ngokwezomnotho, ngisho nangokwendawo yezepolitiki. Ukuqonda ukuthi lonke uchungechunge lusebenza kanjani, kusukela ezinsimbini ezilahliwe kuya emkhiqizweni wokugcina, kuyisihluthulelo sokubona izindawo ezinenzuzo.
Kulesi simo, ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwensimbi, i-aluminium, ithusi, nezinye izinsimbi, kanye ukuphathwa kwezinsimbi ezilahliwe kochwepheshe kanye nokuvela kwamapulatifomu amakhulu okuthenga nokuthengisa, kwenza uhlelo lwebhizinisi Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu. Kusukela emabhizinisini amancane ensimbi elahliwe aqhutshwa umndeni kuya emaqenjini amakhulu ensimbi, kufaka phakathi izimakethe eziku-inthanethi, wonke umuntu uhlanganyela embonini esindisa amandla, enciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi, futhi evula imigqa emisha yebhizinisi ehlobene nemfucuza yensimbi nezinye izinto.
Kungani ukuvuselela insimbi kuyibhizinisi elibalulekile
Ukufinyelela ku- izinto zokusetshenziswa zamaminerali Kuye kwaphawula ukukhuphuka nokuwa kwemibuso kuwo wonke umlando, futhi namuhla kusalokhu kuyisici esinqumayo emnothweni womhlaba. Ukulawula amadiphozithi amaminerali kanye nokugeleza kwensimbi kungenye yezinto ezishukumisa isimo samanje sezwe lezepolitiki, lapho kuvela khona ukungezwani mayelana nokunikezwa kwezinsiza ezibalulekile embonini kanye nobuchwepheshe.
Ngaphakathi kwe- umnotho oyindilinga wangempelaUkuvuselelwa kwensimbi kuba yi- i-axis ebalulekileIvumela ukukhishwa kwezimayini okuncishisiwe, kunciphisa imithelela yemvelo ehlotshaniswa nokumbiwa kwemigodi evulekile kanye nokucutshungulwa kwezimayini, ngesikhathi esifanayo kuqinisekisa ukuhlinzekwa okuzinzile kwezinto zokwakha zemikhakha efana nokwakha, izimoto, izinto zikagesi, kanye namandla avuselelekayo.
Ngokombono webhizinisi, ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwensimbi kucabanga ukonga amandla kanye nomnotho Kuyamangalisa. Ngokusebenza ngensimbi elahliwe esikhundleni se-ore engeyona i-virgin, izindleko zokukhiqiza, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kanye nokukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa kuyancipha, okuthuthukisa ukuncintisana kanye nesithombe semvelo sezinkampani.
Amamodeli ebhizinisi ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwensimbi
Ngaphakathi kwebhizinisi lokuvuselela insimbi, kunezinhlobo eziningana ezihambisanayo, ezivela ezinkampanini zasendaweni zase- iqoqo lezinsimbi ezilahliwe ngisho namaqembu ezimboni alawula lonke uchungechunge. Ngayinye ithatha isixhumanisi esisodwa kuhlukile emjikelezweni wokuphila kwezinsimbi futhi kugxile esigabeni esithile senqubo.
Isibonelo esicacile simelelwa yizinkampani ezinikeza izinsizakalo eziphelele zokuvuselela kabusha Ngokwezinga lesifunda, baqoqa, bahlunge, futhi basebenzise imfucuza yensimbi, bayinikeze njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ezinkampanini zokusekela kanye nezimboni zensimbi. Lezi zinkampani ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izimoto eziningi, amabhokisi, izindawo zokugcina izinto, kanye nezindawo zokwelapha ezikwazi ukusingatha inqwaba enkulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaqembu amakhulu ensimbi akhethe ukuhlanganiswa okuqondileOkusho ukuthi, balawula yonke into kusukela ekubuyiselweni kwensimbi elahliwe kuya ekukhiqizweni kwensimbi ephinde yasetshenziswa. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukutholakala njalo kwensimbi yesibili, kuthuthukisa izinqubo zabo zangaphakathi, futhi kunciphisa ukuthembela kwabo kuma-ore angenasici kanye nezimakethe zomhlaba wonke eziguquguqukayo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuye kwavela amapulatifomu edijithali axhumanisa izinkampani ezikhiqiza imfucuza yensimbi ne abasebenzisa kabusha abagunyaziwe emhlabeni wonke. Lezi zimakethe eziku-inthanethi zenza kube lula ukuthengwa nokuthengiswa kwezinsimbi ezilahliwe ngobuningi, zivumela ukuqhathaniswa kwezipesheli, futhi ziqinisekisa ukuhambisana nemithethonqubo yezemvelo, zikhiqiza amamodeli ebhizinisi asekelwe ekuxazululeni nasekuthuthukiseni izinto.
Kukhona futhi amabhizinisi omndeni agxile ku- ukuthenga nokuthengisa izinsimbi Ezingeni lendawo, banesipiliyoni seminyaka eminingi ekuhloleni, ekuhlukaniseni, nasekulinganiseni izinsimbi ezilahliwe ezivela kubantu ngabanye, ezindaweni zokusebenzela, ezimbonini, kanye nezinsizakalo zikamasipala. Ulwazi lwabo lwemakethe kanye nobuhlobo babo obuseduze namakhasimende okugcina kubenza babe ngabadlali ababalulekile ekuqoqweni kwemfucuza yensimbi endaweni.
Izinsizakalo zokuvuselela insimbi zasendaweni
Emadolobheni afana neValencia, izinkampani ezikhethekile zinikeza anhlobonhlobo amasevisi Izinsizakalo zokuvuselela insimbi ezenzelwe ukuhambisana nabantu ngabanye kanye nezinkampani emikhakheni eyahlukene. Umgomo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi noma yimuphi udoti wensimbi uthola indawo efanele ngaphakathi kochungechunge lwenani.
Enye yezinsika zalo msebenzi yi- ukuqoqwa kwemfucuza yensimbi ezindaweni ezahlukene ngaphakathi kwendawo yasemadolobheni neyezimboni. Sikhuluma ngezinsimbi ezilahliwe ezahlukahlukene: izinsalela zezakhiwo, izingxenye zensimbi eziphelelwe yisikhathi, imikhiqizo eseyifinyelele ekupheleni kwesikhathi sayo sokusebenza, kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto zensimbi ezingasadingeki kodwa ezisalokhu zibalulekile.
Lezi zinkampani zikulungele ukucubungula zombili izinsimbi zensimbi nezingezona ezensimbiEmpeleni, lokhu kusho ukuphatha insimbi, insimbi, i-aluminium, ithusi, ithusi, nezinye izinsimbi eziningi ezikhona ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke. Ngenxa yokusika, ukuhlukanisa, nokuhlunga imishini, cishe noma yiluphi uhlobo lwensimbi lungaphinde lusetshenziswe kahle.
Esinye isici esiphawulekayo yikhono lokuklama izinsizakalo ezenziwe ngezifiso zamabhizinisiIzimboni, izinkampani zokwakha, amabhizinisi, kanye nama-workshop akhiqiza ukugeleza okuhlukene kakhulu kwemfucuza yensimbi, ngokwevolumu, ukwakheka, kanye nokuvama. Izinkampani zokuvuselela kabusha zixoxisana ngezixazululo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso: izitsha ezithile, imizila yokuqoqa, izinhlelo zokulandelela, kanye nemibhalo, konke okulungiselelwe izidingo zeklayenti ngalinye.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lezi zinkampani zivame ukugxila ku- isitifiketi sokuzinzaUkuthola izitifiketi kanye nezitifiketi zemvelo kubonisa ukuthi izinqubo zakho ziyahlangabezana nezindinganiso eziqinile zokuphathwa kwemfucuza, ukuphepha kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla, into ebaluleke kakhulu kumakhasimende ezinkampani kanye nokuphathwa komphakathi lapho kunikezwa izinkontileka.
Amaqembu amakhulu kanye nomnotho ojikelezayo wensimbi
Amaqembu amakhulu ensimbi asebenza eYurophu ayaqonda ukuthi ukuphinda kusetshenziswe izinsimbi, ikakhulukazi insimbi, kuyinto ingxenye ephakathi yomnotho ojikelezayoYingakho betshale imali ekuhlanganiseni izinkampani ezizinikele ekutholeni nasekucubunguleni izinsimbi ezilahliwe esakhiweni sabo emazweni amaningana.
Insimbi inenzuzo eyodwa eyisisekelo: ngenxa yayo izakhiwo zangaphakathiIngaphinde isetshenziswe izikhathi eziningi kakhulu ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa izici zayo ezibalulekile. Ngale ndlela, imfucuza yensimbi ingaphinde ibuyiselwe emjikelezweni wezomnotho kaninginingi, ibe yingxenye yemikhiqizo emisha efana nemishayo, amaphrofayili, imigoqo, noma izingxenye zezimboni.
Ukuphinda usebenzise insimbi esikhundleni sokuyikhiqiza kusuka ku-iron ore kuvumela ukusetshenziswa cishe kweyodwa Amandla angaphansi ngo-74%.Lokhu kudinga izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingavuthiwe ezingaphansi ngo-90% kanye namanzi angaphansi ngo-40%. Lezi zibalo zibonisa ngokusobala ukuthi kungenzeka ukonga izinsiza kanye nomthelela oncishisiwe emvelweni olethwa yizicucu zensimbi ohlelweni lokukhiqiza.
Ukuba khona kulo lonke uchungechunge lokusebenzisa kabusha insimbiLa maqembu aphatha izinkampani ezibuyisa izinsalela zensimbi nezinye izinto emazweni ahlukahlukene aseYurophu. Izinsalela ziyahlungwa, ziphathwe, futhi zilungiselelwe ukusetshenziswa okulandelayo ezithandweni zikagesi ze-arc nakwezinye izinqubo zokwenza insimbi, ngaleyo ndlela zivalwe umjikelezo womnotho ojikelezayo wensimbi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwakamuva kuhloswe ngakho ukwandisa amazinga ukubuyiselwa kwezinto Kakade sebesungula imigqa emisha yebhizinisi ehlobene nezinto ezilahliwe njengepulasitiki nokhuni, ezivame ukuxutshwa nensimbi elahliwe. Ukuze bafeze lokhu, basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha bokuhlukanisa nokuvuselela obubavumela ukuthi bathole inani lezinto ezazigcina zisezindaweni zokulahla udoti ngaphambilini.
Izinsizakalo ezithuthukisiwe: ukubhidlizwa kwezimoto, ukwelashwa kanye nokulahlwa
Phakathi kwezinsizakalo ezithuthukisiwe ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwensimbi, okulandelayo kuyagqama: ukubhidlizwa kwezikhungo kanye nezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ezinye izinkampani zigxile ekubhidlizeni izakhiwo zezimboni, izakhiwo, ingqalasizinda yensimbi, kanye nemisebenzi yesitimela neyechweba, zilawula wonke umjikelezo wokubhidliza.
Kula maphrojekthi, ithimba lobuchwepheshe lithuthukisa uhlelo lomsebenzi olunemininingwane Lolu hlelo luhlelwe ngokwezici zempahla ezodilizwa: uhlobo lokwakhiwa, indawo, izingozi, inani lezinto zokwakha, njll. Luchaza imishini edingekayo yemishini (imishini esindayo, izikebhe, ama-crane) kanye nabasebenzi abakhethekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi wenziwa ngokuphepha okukhulu kanye nokusebenza kahle.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umsebenzi we ukuqoqwa kanye nokucutshungulwa kwezinsalela zensimbiLezi zakhiwo zenzelwe ukwamukela inqwaba yezinsimbi ezilahliwe ezivela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene: izimoto eziphelayo, izinto zasendlini, amathini, izakhiwo ezindala, izakhiwo zensimbi eziphelelwe yisikhathi, kanye neziqediwe ezivela ezinqubweni zezimboni.
Umugqa webhizinisi ohlobene yi- ukuqoqwa kwezimoto kanye nokususwa kwazo ezincwadiniLezi zinkampani zingaphatha ukususwa kwezimoto eziphelayo futhi ziphathe ukulahlwa kwazo, okuhlanganisa nenqubo yokuphatha yokususa ukubhaliswa. Zonke izingxenye ezisetshenziswayo zitholakala emotweni, okuhlanganisa izinsimbi zensimbi nezingezona ezensimbi, ezithunyelwa ukuze ziphinde zisetshenziswe.
Kuhlinzekwa nensizakalo ekhethekile ukuqoqwa nokwelashwa kwezinsimbi ezingezona insimbiLokhu kufezwa kusetshenziswa izitshalo zokugcina nokuhlunga, izinhlelo zokuhlukanisa izinsimbi, imishini yokuntanta insimbi, izindawo zokuhlukanisa izinsimbi, imishini yokugaya ama-blade, imishini yokusika ama-shear amakhulu, kanye nezindawo zokuhlunga ngesandla. Umgomo ukuthola izingxenyana zensimbi ezingenayo i-ferrous zekhwalithi edingekayo yizinkampani zokusekela kanye nabasebenzisa kabusha izinsimbi ukuze bakhiqize.
Isibonelo sendawo: ibhizinisi lomndeni lokwenza izinsimbi eMallorca
Ibhizinisi lokuvuselela insimbi nalo linendima ebaluleke kakhulu endaweni kanye naseduzeLokhu kuboniswa amabhizinisi aphethwe yimindeni aneminyaka eminingi yesipiliyoni ezindaweni zaseziqhingini noma ezifundeni ezithile. EMallorca, isibonelo, izinkampani zalolu hlobo sezizenze abaholi ekuthengeni nasekuthengiseni izinsimbi kanye nezinsimbi ezilahliwe.
Lezi zinkampani zigcizelela ukuthi ukubaluleka kokusetshenziswa kabusha kwensimbi ukukhiqiza izimpahla ezintsha ngaphandle kokuqeda izinsiza zemvelo. Isibonelo esicacile yinsimbi: ukukhiqizwa kwayo kwendabuko kuncike ensimbini ekhishwe ngokumba, okunomthelela omkhulu emvelweni. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenzisa insimbi elahliwe njengesisekelo kunciphisa kakhulu isidingo sokumba.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukuphinda kusetshenziswe insimbi eqoshiwe ukuze kukhiqizwe insimbi kungamelela ukonga okufika ku-80% ezindlekweni zokukhiqiza ngethani. Ngaphezu kokonga kwezomnotho, lokhu kuhilela ukwehla okukhulu kokukhishwa kwe-CO2 kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla, okuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu esimweni senkinga yesimo sezulu kanye namanani aphezulu amandla.
Nsuku zonke, lezi zinkampani zithenga futhi ziphinde zisebenzise ububanzi bezinsimbiI-aluminium, ithusi, ithusi, i-lead, insimbi, nezinye eziningi. Ukuze benze lokhu, batshala imali ezimotweni ezikhethekile, imishini yokulayisha nokusika, kanye nezitsha ezifanele, okubavumela ukuthi bakhonze abantu ngabanye kanye nezinkampani emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene, kusukela ekwakheni kuya ekunakekelweni kwezivakashi.
Umsebenzi wabo uvame ukugxila emapaki ezimboni axhumene kahle, lapho benezindawo zokusebenzela khona. hlela futhi ubuyisele izinsimbi ezilahliwebayinika impilo yesibili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, balwela ukunikeza amanani okuthenga ancintisanayo, avuselelwe enanini lemakethe lensimbi, ukuze ikhasimende lithole isinxephezelo esifanele ngodoti abalinikezayo.
Izimakethe eziku-inthanethi: ukuhweba ngezinsimbi ezilahliwe ngezinga elikhulu
Ebhizinisini elikhulu, izinkampani ezikhiqiza inqwaba yemfucuza yensimbi Badinga izixazululo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu futhi ezingabizi kakhulu. Yilapho izimakethe eziku-inthanethi ezikhethekile ekuxhumeni amajeneretha ensimbi elahliwe nabasebenzisa kabusha emhlabeni jikelele zisebenza khona.
Lezi zingxenyekazi zivumela izinkampani ukuthi zifinyelele ku- inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yabaphinde basebenzise insimbi Kuqinisekisiwe futhi kugunyaziwe. Ngewebhusayithi, kungenzeka ukucela okunikezwayo, uqhathanise izingcaphuno bese ukhetha inketho efanelana kahle nezidingo zakho ngokwentengo, ikhwalithi yesevisi kanye nezimo zokuthutha, ngaphandle kokuthembela kuphela koxhumana nabo bendawo.
Enye inzuzo ukuthi bayaqikelela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhambisana nemithethonqubo yezemvelo kanye nemithethonqubo yezempilo nokuphepha. Le nkundla ikhiqiza imibhalo edingekayo yokuthobela imithetho futhi ihlela ukuthuthwa kwemfucuza, isuse izithiyo ezivame ukuvimbela izinkampani ukuthi ziphinde zisebenzise ngendlela efanele.
Umphumela uba ukuthi imifudlana yemfucuza yensimbi ingaba imali engenayo ngendlela elula neyobungani nemvelo. Izinkampani ezikhiqiza izinsimbi ezilahliwe ngezinga elikhulu zithola intengo engcono yezinsimbi zazo, zenze kube lula ukuphathwa kwazo kwemfucuza, futhi ziqinise inqubomgomo yazo yomthwalo wemfanelo emphakathini.
Ngakho-ke lezi zimakethe eziku-inthanethi zizibeka njenge- ikhambi elingabizi futhi eliguquguqukayo Lokhu kulungele noma iyiphi inkampani efuna izinsizakalo zokuvuselela insimbi ngobuningi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwandisa ukufinyelela kwebhizinisi labasebenzisa kabusha, okubavumela ukuthi bafinyelele amakhasimende kwamanye amazwe futhi bathuthukise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla abo okucubungula.
Izici ezithonya intengo yensimbi elahliwe
Intengo ekhokhwayo yensimbi elahliwe incike ku- izici eziningi Lezi zindleko zingashintsha ezinsukwini noma emavikini ambalwa. Zisekelwe emananini aphesheya kwezilwandle ezinsimbi ezifana nethusi, i-aluminium, nensimbi, ezishintshashintshayo ngokuya ngezimo zemakethe yomhlaba wonke.
Imicimbi yezepolitiki efanele, efana izingxabano ezihlomile noma izithiyo zomnothoLezi zici zingashintsha ukutholakala kwezinsimbi ezithile futhi zibangele ukuthi amanani azo akhuphuke noma ehle. Ngokufanayo, ukuguquguquka kwezindleko zikawoyela nezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa kuthinta izindleko zokukhiqiza nezokuthutha, okuthinta intengo yokugcina yezinsimbi ezilahliwe.
Ubudlelwano obujwayelekile phakathi ukuhlinzeka nokufuna Futhi kudlala indima ebalulekile. Isibonelo, ukwanda okungazelelwe kwesidingo sensimbi emkhakheni wezokwakha, okubangelwa yingqalasizinda enkulu noma uhlelo lwezindlu olukhuthazwa uhulumeni, kuvame ukuphakamisa intengo yensimbi entsha kanye nensimbi elahliwe eyondlayo.
Ikhwalithi yensimbi elahliwe ingenye into ebalulekile: amaqoqo ane- iphesenti eliphezulu lensimbi emsulwa Izinsimbi ezinokungcola okuphansi zivame ukuthola amanani aphezulu. Abasebenzisa kabusha bacabangela isimo sensimbi (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ihlanzekile noma ixutshwe nezinye izinto), isisindo sayo sonke, kanye nomthamo webhetshi ngayinye lapho benza amabhidi abo.
Kulesi simo, izinkampani ezikhiqiza izinsimbi ezilahliwe zinendawo yokuzisebenzisa. thuthukisa intengo abazitholayo. Ukuhlukanisa kahle izinhlobo zensimbi, ukugwema ukungcola okungadingekile, kanye nokuqapha ngokucophelela ukunikezwa kanye nesidingo kuyimikhuba esiza ekuxoxisaneni ngezivumelwano ezingcono nabasebenzisa kabusha.
I-Aluminium: ukonga amandla kanye nenzuzo ephezulu
I-aluminium iyisibonelo esihle sendlela Ukuvuselela kabusha kungashintsha imithetho yomdlalo emakethe yezinsimbi. Ukukhiqiza i-aluminium eyinhloko ngezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingavuthiwe kuyinqubo edinga amandla amaningi kanye nezinsizakusebenza eziningi, enezigaba eziningana eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Okokuqala, kufanele ukhiphe i-bauxite ngokusebenzisa izimayini Leli dwala livame ukumbiwa emigodini evulekile, ngokuvamile ezindaweni ezishisayo. Libe selidlula enkambisweni yeBayer, ehilela ukuliphatha nge-caustic soda emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ukuze kutholakale i-alumina (i-aluminium oxide). Ekugcineni, i-aluminium yensimbi ihlukaniswa ne-oxide nge-electrolysis emaseli aqukethe i-cryolite encibilikisiwe.
Ukuthola ithani elilodwa i-aluminium eyinhloko Kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okungama-megawatt-hours angaba ngu-15, okulingana nokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwezinkulungwane zezindlu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhiqiza ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa okuqondile nokungaqondile okungamathani ayi-15 e-CO2 alingana nethani le-aluminium elikhiqizwayo.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukukhiqiza inani elifanayo le-aluminium kusuka i-aluminium egaywe kabusha Kunciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi. Isenzo esilula, njengokuphinda usebenzise amathini e-aluminium ayi-10, singavimbela ukukhishwa kwegesi okulinganiselwa ku-1,5 kg we-CO2 elinganayo, okubonisa umthelela oqongelelekayo wokuphinda usebenzise le nsimbi ngobuningi.
Ngokombono wezomnotho, ukuphinda usebenzise i-aluminium nakho kunenzuzo enkulu. Njengoba intengo yokuthengisa icishe ibe yithani elilodwa le-aluminium... I-2.200 euroInzuzo ye-aluminium ephinde yasetshenziswa ingaba ngcono ngokuphindwe kathathu kuya kahlanu kune-aluminium eyinhloko, okwenza kube ibhizinisi elikhangayo kakhulu.
Ithusi: insimbi yomlando futhi efiseleka kakhulu
Ithusi libe yi- insimbi enqumayo emlandweni yempucuko. Ingenye yezinsimbi zokuqala ezaqala ukusetshenziswa, futhi ingxube yayo ene-tin yabangela iNkathi Yethusi, okwaphawula igxathu elibalulekile kwezobuchwepheshe esintwini ngamathuluzi, izikhali nezinto zansuku zonke.
Ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseRoma, ithusi lalisetshenziswa kabanzi: lalisetshenziselwa izinhlamvu zemali zemintiYakhiqiza amapayipi ezinhlelo zamanzi futhi yakhiqiza izikhali nemishini yezempi. Ngokufika kwemboni yensimbi, ukuvelela kwayo kwehla, kodwa yaphinde yaba nokubaluleka ngekhulu lama-20.
Ukusungulwa kukaMichael Faraday kwejeneretha kagesi kwaphinde kwabeka ithusi phakathi kwabantu abavelele base-US izinsimbi zamasuNgenxa yokuqhuba kwayo ugesi okuhle kakhulu, manje ibalulekile ekufakweni kukagesi, imigqa yokudlulisa ugesi, ama-motor, izingxenye zikagesi, futhi, ngokuvamile, cishe kukho konke okuhlobene nogesi.
Inani layo lezomnotho liphezulu: ezimakethe zesikhathi esizayo zomhlaba wonke, intengo yethusi icishe ibe amadola amaningana ngephawundi (ngaphansi kancane kwesigamu sekhilogremu). Leli zinga lentengo lichaza ukuthi kungani izindaba mayelana nokwebiwa kwezintambo zethusi zivame kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emizileni yezitimela nakwezinye ingqalasizinda.
Kunezinhlelo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokukhipha ithusi: umgodi ovulekile wezimayini kanye nokumba ngaphansi komhlaba. Zombili zinemiphumela ebalulekile kwezemvelo, kusukela ekuguqulweni kwendawo kuya ekukhiqizweni kokungcola kwemigodi kanye namanzi. Ngakho-ke, ukuphinda kusetshenziswe ithusi kubhekwa njengesibonelo esicacile sokuzinza, njengoba kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwayo okungapheli ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yikhwalithi.
Izinzuzo zemvelo namandla okusebenzisa kabusha ithusi
Ngokombono wezemvelo, ukuphinda usebenzise ithusi kuhilela ukusebenzisa phakathi kweyodwa Amandla angaphansi ngo-70% kanye no-95% kunalokho okwakudingeka ukuze kukhishwe futhi kucutshungulwe ku-ore. Lo mehluko omkhulu uhumusha ngqo ekubeni yingxenye encane kakhulu yekhabhoni ngekhilogremu ngayinye yethusi elikhiqizwe kusuka ezicutshini.
Izifundo zisikisela ukuthi ukukhiqiza ithusi eliphinde lasetshenziswa kungadala umthelela ophakathi 0,3 kanye no-0,5 kg we-CO2 okulingana ngekhilogremu yethusi, kuyilapho ithusi elitholwe ngokumba liphakathi kuka-4 kuya ku-5 kg ​​we-CO2 elingana nekhilogremu, kuye ngohlobo lokuxhashazwa kanye nobuchwepheshe obusetshenzisiwe.
Emkhakheni wasekhaya, izingcezu zethusi zitholakala izintambo ezindala, amapayipi okufaka amapayipi kanye nasezintweni eziningi zasendlini ezingasebenzi. Ukuphinda usebenzise lezi zinto kulula njengokuzihlukanisa, ukuzihlukanisa kahle, nokuziyisa esikhungweni esigunyaziwe ukuze ziphinde zisetshenziswe.
Enkampanini, ithusi elikhona ekufakweni kukagesi, ezinjinini, noma emishinini ephelelwe yisikhathi nalo liyi- umthombo ongaba khona wemali engenayoEsikhundleni sokuqongelela njengodoti ongenamsebenzi, ungathengiswa kubantu abakhethekile abazowubuyisela emjikelezweni wokukhiqiza.
Uma izinzuzo zomnotho nezemvelo zihlanganiswa, ithusi eliphinde lasetshenziswa livela njengenye yezinto izimpahla ezithakazelisa kakhulu ngaphakathi kwebhizinisi lokuvuselela insimbi, ngesidingo esikhulu kanye negalelo elicacile ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwegesi kanye nokonga amandla.
I-Rare earths kanye nezinsimbi ezibalulekile: inselelo enkulu elandelayo
Ngaphandle kwezinsimbi zendabuko, ikusasa lebhizinisi lokuvuselela lisekubhekaneni nenselele yezinto zomhlaba ezingavamile. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-lanthanide angu-15, kanye ne-scandium kanye ne-yttrium, izinto eziyisisekelo embonini yanamuhla.
Lezi zingxenye zisetshenziswa ku- ubuchwepheshe be-laser, amalensi e-telescopeamabhayisikili kanye izimoto zikagesiAma-fiber optic, izikrini, izinhlelo zokuzivikela, ama-missile, kanye nemishini yezokwelapha efana ne-nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Ngamanye amazwi, zibalulekile emikhakheni esezingeni eliphezulu kanye nasekushintsheni kwamandla.
Zibizwa ngokuthi umhlaba ongavamile ngoba zatholakala ekuqaleni amaminerali angavamile ngaphansi komhlaba, yize inkinga yamanje ingekho kakhulu ukushoda kwawo kodwa ukufinyelela kumadiphozithi. Amanye amazwe aphethe iningi lamadiphozithi, futhi endabeni yeShayina, kulinganiselwa ukuthi ilawula cishe ama-37% amadiphozithi omhlaba alezi zinto.
Ukuvuselela izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile ngemva kokuphela kwesikhathi sokusebenziseka kwemikhiqizo kagesi neminye imishini kuyinkinga edlula imikhakha yezemvelo nezomnotho: isibe yindaba udaba lwezepolitikinjengoba izifunda ezifana ne-European Union zithembele kakhulu ekuthengeni kwamanye amazwe ukuze zihlinzeke ngemikhiqizo yazo.
Okwamanje cishe eyodwa kuphela 1% wezinto zomhlaba ezingavamile Izinto ezikhona ezingxenyeni ze-elekthronikhi ziyasetshenziswa kabusha. Leli qiniso lembula inselele enkulu yokusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuklama umkhiqizo, okumele kube lula kokubili ukusetshenziswa kabusha kanye nokukhishwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwalezi zinto ekupheleni kwesikhathi sazo sokusebenza, uma sifuna ukuqhubekela phambili kumodeli oyindilinga ngempela.
Imikhuba emihle yokuthola inzuzo eyengeziwe ngokusetshenziswa kabusha
Izinkampani ezikhiqiza imfucuza yensimbi zinesikhala sokufaka isicelo imikhuba emihle ezikhulisa inani ezilithola ngokuthengisa izinsimbi zabo ezilahliwe ngesikhathi esifanayo zinciphisa umthelela wazo emvelweni. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuhlukanisa kahle izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinsimbi emthonjeni.
Uma izinsimbi zensimbi nezingezona ezensimbi zixutshwa, noma zihlanganiswa nepulasitiki, ukhuni, kanye nokunye ukungcola, ingozi yokungcola yeqoqo bese kunciphisa inani layo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma zihlungwa kusukela ekuqaleni zibe izitsha ezihlukene, kulula ukuthi umuntu ophinda azisebenzise azicubungule futhi anikeze intengo engcono yengxenye ngayinye.
Kunconywa futhi ukwazi, okungenani ngokujwayelekile, ukuthi ukuvela kokuhlinzekwa kanye nesidingo kwezinsimbi eziyinhloko ezikhiqizwa yimisebenzi yenkampani. Ukuqaphela imijikelezo yemakethe kusiza ekuxoxisaneni ngamanani, ukukhetha isikhathi esifanele sokuthengisa, nokugwema ukuthengisa izindawo ezinenani eliphezulu ngokulahlekelwa ngezikhathi zamanani aphansi.
Esinye isici esibalulekile ukukhetha umshini wokuvuselela ogunyaziwe nothembekileUkusebenza nezinkampani eziqinisekisiwe, njengalezo eziyingxenye yezimakethe ezikhethekile noma lezo ezinezitifiketi zemvelo nekhwalithi, kuqinisekisa ukuphathwa kahle kwemfucuza kanye nokucaca okukhulu kwentengo.
Ngokwamukela lezi zinyathelo, izinkampani azigcini nje ngokuthuthukisa inzuzo yazo, kodwa futhi zinegalelo ekuthuthukisweni ukwakha imodeli yokukhiqiza esimeme kakhudlwanaUkulungisa, ukusebenzisa kabusha kanye nokuvuselela izingxenye eziyisisekelo kuba yindlela ewusizo yokusekela umnotho ojikelezayo nokuphendula ezidingweni ezikhulayo zemvelo zamakhasimende, abatshalizimali kanye nabaphathi.
Lonke lolu hlelo lwabadlali, ubuchwepheshe, kanye namamodeli ebhizinisi lubonisa ukuthi ukuvuselelwa kwensimbi akusekho umsebenzi olula wokuphatha imfucuza futhi sekuyinto umkhakha weqhinga onamandla amakhulu okwenza inzuzoKusukela ezinsimbini ezilahliwe endaweni encane yokusebenzela kuya emfucumfucwini eyinkimbinkimbi evela embonini ye-elekthronikhi, ikhilogremu ngayinye yensimbi etholiwe isisondeza kancane ohlelweni lwezomnotho olukwazi ukugcina inani lezinto ngaphakathi komjikelezo wokukhiqiza isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka.
