IDamu leGorges ezintathu (isiShayina esenziwe lula: 三峡 大坝, isiShayina sendabuko: 三峽 大壩, pinyin: Sānxiá Dàbà) lisendaweni yomfula I-Yangtze e-China. Yisitshalo esikhulu samandla kagesi emhlabeni.
Ukwakhiwa kwaleli damu kwaqala ngo-1983 futhi kwakulinganiselwa ukuthi kuzohlala iminyaka engaba ngu-20. NgoNovemba 9, 2001, umfula wavulwa futhi, ngo-2003, iqembu lokuqala lama-generator laqala ukusebenza. Kusukela ngo-2004, kwafakwa amasethi amajeneretha ayizi-2.000 XNUMX ngonyaka, kwaze kwaba yilapho umsebenzi uqedwa.
I-Three Gorges Dam
NgoJuni 6, 2006, udonga lokugcina lwedamu lwabhidlizwa, neziqhumane ezanele ukudiliza izakhiwo ezingu-400 ezinezitezi ezingu-10. Ukwakhiwa ngokuphelele kwedamu kwaqedwa ngo-Okthoba 30, 2010. Cishe abantu abayizigidi ezimbili uthuthelwe kwenye indawo ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezintsha ezakhiwe edolobheni laseChongqing.
Izici
Idamu limi osebeni lwedolobha i-Yichang, esifundazweni sase-Hubei. Leli chibi liqanjwe ngeGorotkia futhi lingagcina amanzi angama-cubic metres angu-39.300 billion. Ine Ama-turbines angama-32 angu-700 MW lilinye, eziyi-14 zifakwe ohlangothini olusenyakatho yedamu, eziyi-12 ohlangothini oluseningizimu nezinye eziyisithupha ngaphansi komhlaba, ezihlanganisa amandla angu-24.000 MW.
Ezinhlelweni zakuqala, leli damu elilodwa lalizokwazi ukuhlinzeka ngo-10% wesidingo sikagesi saseShayina. Kodwa-ke, ukukhula okukhulu kwesidingo kusho ukuthi ihlinzeka kuphela ngama-3% okusetshenziswa kwasekhaya kwamaShayina.
Le phrojekthi ayibalulekile kuphela kumthamo wayo wamandla, kodwa futhi nemiphumela yayo yezenhlalakahle nezemvelo: ishiye izinga lamanzi ngezansi Amadolobha angama-19 namadolobhana angama-322, okubangele ukufuduka kwabantu abacishe babe yizigidi ezimbili futhi kucwilise indawo engaba ngu-2 km² yendawo yaseShayina.
Umthelela wendawo
Le phrojekthi ingenye yezimpikiswano kakhulu emlandweni wobunjiniyela besimanje ngenxa yomthelela wemvelo kanye nenhlalo eyakhiwe. Okokuqala, idamu libe negalelo elikhulu e ukungcoliswa kwamanzi. Ngaphambi kweminyaka yawo-1990, ukulahlwa kwemfucuza engakalungiswa eYangtze kwakungaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.000 ngonyaka. Nakuba izinqubo zokulawula ukukhishwa kwamanzi zaqalwa futhi ezinye izimboni ezingcolisayo zavalwa, ikhwalithi yamanzi isaqhubeka nokuba yinkinga. Yena ukushona kwamanzi kubangele ukuncipha kwezinqubo zokuzihlanza ngokwemvelo zomfula.
Ukwengeza kulokhu, ukugcinwa kwenhlabathi nakho kuthinta imvelo yasemanzini. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi umfula iYangtze wathuthwa Amathani ayizigidi ezingama-526 wenhlabathi unyaka ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwedamu. Ukunqwabelana kwenhlabathi ngemuva kwedamu kube yinto ekhathaza kakhulu, njengoba kuthinta izinhlobonhlobo zemvelo futhi kunciphisa amandla okulawula umfula.
Umfula iYangtze: I-Hydraulic Jewel yaseChina
Umfula iYangtze ungumfula wesithathu omude kunayo yonke emhlabeni futhi mude kunawo wonke e-Asia, ongamakhilomitha angu-6.300 ubude. Isuka ethafeni laseTibet iye oLwandle Lwase-East China, idlule emadolobheni abalulekile anjenge-Wuhan ne-Shanghai. Ngokomlando, bekulokhu kokubili umthombo obalulekile wezinsiza kanye nosongo ngenxa yezikhukhula zakhona njalo. Kusukela ngo-185 BC kuze kube ngu-1911, kwaqoshwa 214 izikhukhula eziyizinhlekelele, okwadala isidingo sokwakhiwa kweDamu Lemihosha Emithathu ukuze kuncishiswe le ngozi.
Izinguquko Zakamuva kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kokuzulazula
Ngokwakhiwa kwedamu, ukuzulazula komfula eMfuleni iYangtze isithuthuke kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela ivuna ukukhula komnotho waseShayina. Ukulawulwa okukhulu kwamanzi kuye kwavumela imikhumbi enomkhawulo omkhulu ukuthi ihambe iye phezulu ibheke e-Chongqing, okwandisa kakhulu ukuthuthwa kwempahla. Ngaphambi kokwakhiwa, umthamo wokuthwala imikhumbi wawulinganiselwe, kodwa manje, ngochungechunge olubili lokukhiya imikhumbi, umthamo wonyaka ukhuphuke waba ngaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi eziyi-100.
Enye yezinto ezintsha ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu isikebhe esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Lolu hlelo luvumela imikhumbi efinyelela kumathani angu-3.000 ukunqoba umehluko wamamitha angu-113 ngobude phakathi kwamanzi ngaphambi nangemuva kwedamu.
Izinkinga Nezingxabano Ezihambisana Nedamu
Ukuxoshwa kwabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-1,2 kungenye yezinto eziphikisana kakhulu kulo msebenzi. Abantu abaningi abathintekile bebephila ngokulima ezindaweni esezicwile emanzini. Nakuba kwanikezwa isinxephezelo, ukufuduka ngenkani sekuholele emibhikishweni eminingi nobunzima kubantu abahlaliswe kabusha ezindaweni ezinomhlaba ongemuhle wokulima.
Omunye umphumela okhathazayo ukunyamalala kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezikhona endaweni. Yena i-baiji river dolphin, uhlobo oluthile lwaseYangtze, kwathiwa alusekho eminyakeni embalwa ngemva kokuba leli damu liqale ukusebenza. Naphezu kwemizamo yokongiwa kwemvelo, ukuwohloka kwendawo yabo yokuhlala kwakungenakugwenywa.
Imithelela yeGeological: Izinguquko Ekujikelezeni Komhlaba
Omunye wemiphumela emangazayo nengaziwa kakhulu ye-Three Gorges Dam ngu umphumela wawo ekujikelezeni koMhlaba. Ngokugcina amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-42.000 wamanzi endaweni engamamitha ayi-175 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, idamu seliguqule ukusatshalaliswa komhlaba. Ngokusho kwe-NASA, lokhu kubangele ukwanda kobude bosuku ngama-microseconds angu-0,06. Nakuba lolu shintsho luluncane, luwubufakazi bomthelela i-megaconstruction engaba nawo emhlabeni.
I-Three Gorges Dam ingenye yemisebenzi yobunjiniyela ehlaba umxhwele kakhulu emhlabeni. Ayinikezi nje kuphela amandla ahlanzekile futhi isize ukulawula izikhukhula, kodwa futhi iguqule impilo ngaphakathi naseduze koMfula i-Yangtze. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zezenhlalo nezemvelo beziphezulu, futhi izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka kuphakama mayelana nokuthi izinzuzo zingaphezu kokulimala. Noma ngabe kunjalo, Idamu Lemigobho Emithathu lihlala liwuphawu lwamandla obunjiniyela baseShayina kanye nekhono lalo lokuguqula imvelo.
Sanibonani ntambama Bangani. Banjani? Igama lami ngingu-Eduardo Hurtado futhi nginguNjiniyela Wezimboni. Sekuphele izinyanga ngisebenza Ekuthuthukisweni Kwemisebenzi Emisha Yokuphehla Ugesi. Labo abanesifiso sokwazi ngakho. Ngibhalele ngizokutshela igama lesihloko.