I-nitrogen iyisakhamzimba esibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni izitshalo, kodwa futhi enye yezinto ezinzima kakhulu ukuzilawula. Le nhlanganisela ibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa-ke, i-nitrogen eyengeziwe evela kumanyolo ingena endaweni ezungezile, okuholela emiphumeleni eyingozi.
Kulesi sihloko sizokhuluma mayelana ukubaluleka kwe-nitrogen kwezolimo nokuthi izitshalo ezithile zingondliwa kanjani nge-nitrogen evela emoyeni.
Yini ukubaluleka kwenitrogen ekukhuleni kwezitshalo?
I-nitrogen idlala indima ebalulekile ezitshalweni nakubantu, njengoba isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa ama-amino acid akhiqiza amaprotheni anesibopho sokwakhiwa kwamaseli futhi akha enye yezingxenye ezibalulekile ze-DNA. Ngaphandle kwalokho, I-nitrogen ibalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo, njengoba iyingxenye eyinhloko ye-chlorophyll, inhlanganisela evumela izitshalo ukuthi zisebenzise amandla okukhanya kwelanga ukuze ziguqule amanzi nesikhutha kube ushukela.
Umjikelezo we-nitrogen usekelwe ochungechungeni lwezinqubo i-nitrogen edlula ngayo emkhathini iye emhlabathini, idlule enhlabathini futhi ekugcineni ibuyele emkhathini.
Inqubo iqala ngokulungiswa kwebhayoloji ye-nitrogen, isenzakalo lapho amabhaktheriya alungisa i-nitrogen ahlala ezigangeni zezimpande zemifino eguqula izinto eziphilayo zibe i-ammonium., bese iguqulwa ibe yi-nitrate. Izitshalo zingakwazi ukumunca i-nitrate enhlabathini futhi ziyifake ku-nitrogen edingekayo ekukhuleni kwazo, kuyilapho amabhaktheriya e-denitrifying enza kube lula ukuguqulwa kwe-nitrate eningi ibe yi-nitrogen ye-inorganic, ekhishwa kamuva emkhathini.
I-nitrate eyeqile, noma elahleka ngokuvuza (uma imisoco ebalulekile ichithwa yimvula noma ukuchelela), inamandla okungena futhi ingcolise imithombo yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
Iyini indima yomanyolo we-nitrogen?
Ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka, isintu sasingenandaba ne-nitrogen. Nokho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kwaba sobala ukuthi imikhuba yezolimo eqinile yayiqeda amazinga e-nitrate enhlabathini, okuholela ekwesabeni mayelana nokwanda kwabantu emhlabeni wonke kanye nosongo oluseduze lwenkinga yokudla.
Ngemuva kokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zokukhiqiza, ukwethulwa komanyolo we-nitrogen wokwenziwa kwadlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuliseni umnotho. IGreen Revolution, okuholela ekwenyukeni okukhulu kokukhiqizwa kwezolimo emhlabeni wonke kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960. Ngalesi sikhathi, kokubili iMexico kanye nezizwe zaseNdiya nasePakistan zazuza ukuzimela ngokukhiqiza ukolweni, naphezu kokuba isonqenqemeni lwendlala.
Ezenzweni zezolimo eziqinile, ukubaluleka komanyolo we-nitrogen wokwenziwa kuye kwakhula ngokuphawulekayo. Okwamanje, Ukukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke kudlula amathani amamethrikhi ayizigidi eziyi-100 ale mpahla minyaka yonke, kanye nokuqagela okuvela kuNhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene kubonisa ukuthi isidingo kulindeleke ukuba sikhule kancane kancane, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezifana ne-Afrika neNingizimu Asia.
Ingabe iyasebenza esikhathini eside?
Ngokukhula kwesidingo somhlaba wonke, inselelo yokuphathwa kwe-nitrogen isekunikezeni i-nitrogen eyanele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuphepha kokudla emhlabeni wonke kuyilapho kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-nitrogen eyeqile, Izikhathi ezingama-300 eziyingozi emvelweni kune-carbon dioxide.
Ezindaweni ezithile, ukushoda kwe-nitrogen kuvimbela ukuzuzwa kokudla nokuvikeleka kokudla okunomsoco. Ngokuphambene, kwezinye izifunda, cishe amaphesenti angamashumi amahlanu kamanyolo we-nitrogen asetshenziswa kwezolimo abalekela emvelweni, okuholela emiphumeleni emibi efana ukwanda kwezingozi zemvelo, ukucekelwa phansi komhlaba okungenakulungiseka kanye nokungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi.
Le nkinga ingaxazululwa ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-nitrogen, okusekelwe ekubaleni okunezici eziningi okuvame ukudinga ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwe-biomass yezitshalo (ikakhulukazi isivuno somnotho) noma okuqukethwe/ukuthathwa kwe-nitrogen (isivuno) kanye ne-nitrogen efakwa (okufakwayo) ngomquba noma okokwenziwa umanyolo. Ngokwandisa lobu budlelwano, akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi umkhiqizo wezitshalo uyakhula, kodwa nokulahlekelwa kwemvelo kuyancipha ngokuphathwa ngokucophelela kwezolimo, okunomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwesikhathi eside kwekhwalithi yomhlabathi.
Njengamanje, isilinganiso somhlaba wonke sokusebenza kahle kwe-nitrogen aweqi ama-50%, ngaphansi kahle kwama-67% adingekayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokudla emhlabeni wonke ngo-2050, kuyilapho kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-nitrogen eyeqile ihlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele eyamukelekayo yekhwalithi yomoya neyomanzi.
Nakuba kuvela izixazululo zezobuchwepheshe ezithuthukisiwe zokuphathwa kwe-nitrogen, abalimi bangakwazi ukuzuza intuthuko esheshayo ekusebenziseni i-nitrogen ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokufakwa kukamanyolo, ukusetshenziswa komanyolo we-nitrogen okhishwa kancane, ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi okufaka initrogen ngokunemba (njengeGreen Seeker) noma ngokufaka i-fertigation ngokusebenzisa i-micro irrigation.
Ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu
Sekwenziwe inqubekelaphambili enkulu ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe okuhloswe ngayo ukuphatha kahle initrogen, okuthe, ngokuhambisana nezindlela ezifanele zezolimo, kukhombise amandla okwenza ngcono isivuno sezitshalo. Le ndlela ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-nitrogen futhi inciphise insalela ye-nitrogen ezitshalweni.
Abacwaningi bahlola i izinzuzo ze-biological inhibition of nitrification, indlela izitshalo ezikhulula ngayo izinto ezithinta umjikelezo we-nitrogen emhlabathini.. Le nto yemvelo, ebonwa otshanini obuthile kanye nezihlobo zasendle zikakolweni, idlala indima ebalulekile ekwehliseni kakhulu ukukhishwa kwenitrogen.
Ngo-2007, abacwaningi bahlonze izici ze-biological nitrification esihlotsheni sikakolweni, futhi ngo-2018, badlulisela lezi zici ngempumelelo ezinhlobonhlobo zikakolweni wasentwasahlobo waseShayina. Nakuba imiphumela yokuqala ikhombise ukukhiqiza okuncane futhi isesigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthuka, ososayensi banentshisekelo yokuhlola ukusetshenziswa okungenzeka kwale nqubo ezinhlotsheni zikakolweni ezithengiswayo esikhathini esizayo. Uma kuphumelele, lobu buchwepheshe bunamandla okuba nomthelela omkhulu ekuzuzweni kwezinhloso zokusetshenziswa kwe-nitrogen yomhlaba wonke.