Namuhla ama-biofuel asetshenziselwa imisebenzi ethile yezomnotho. Okusetshenziswa kakhulu yilezi i-ethanol ne-biodiesel. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi igesi ye-carbon dioxide ekhishwa yi-biofuel ilinganisela ngokugcwele ukumuncwa kwe-CO2 okwenzeka nge-photosynthesis yezitshalo.
Kodwa kubonakala sengathi lokhu akunjalo ngokuphelele. Ngokocwaningo olwenziwe yi-University of Michigan Energy Institute eholwa ngu UJohn DeCicco, inani lokushisa eligcinwe yi-CO2 elikhishwa ukushiswa kwama-biofuels alilingani nenani le-CO2 izitshalo ezimunca ngesikhathi senqubo ye-photosynthesis ngenkathi zikhula izitshalo.
Ucwaningo lwenziwe ngokususelwa kudatha evela ku- Umnyango Wezolimo wase-United States. Izikhathi zahlaziywa lapho ukukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel kwakhula khona, futhi ukumuncwa kwe-carbon dioxide yizitshalo kunciphisa kuphela U-37% wengqikithi yokukhishwa kwe-CO2 ekhishwayo ngokushisa ama-biofuels.
Okutholakele ezifundweni zaseMichigan kuphikisa ngokusobala ukuthi Ukusetshenziswa kwe-biofuel kuyaqhubeka nokwandisa inani le-CO2 elikhishelwa emkhathini futhi ayinciphi njengokucabanga. Nakuba umthombo wokukhishwa kwe-CO2 uvela ku-biofuel efana ne-ethanol noma i-biodiesel, ukukhishwa kwenetha emkhathini kukhulu kunaleyo emuncwa izitshalo ezitshalweni, okusho ukuthi iyaqhubeka nokuba negalelo emthelela wokufudumala kwembulunga yonke.
Ayini ama-biofuels?
Ama-biofuels angamafutha atholakala ku-biomass, okungukuthi, izinto eziphilayo. Kunezizukulwane ezimbalwa zama-biofuels, kodwa eyaziwa kakhulu futhi okwamanje esetshenziswayo i-ethanol kanye ne-biodiesel, okuye kwazuza ukubaluleka emikhakheni efana nezokuthutha.
I-Ethanol ikhiqizwa ekuvutshelweni kwezilimo ezinjengommbila nomoba, kuyilapho i-biodiesel itholakala emafutheni emifino, njengesundu, ubhontshisi wesoya noma uwoyela wokupheka osetshenziswe kabusha. Isici saso esiyinhloko siwukuthi, ngokombono, kufanele kube nomthelela ophansi ekukhishweni kwe-CO2, njengoba, emjikelezweni wokuphila we-biofuel, izitshalo zithatha i-CO2 ngesikhathi sokukhula kwazo, zikhiqize ibhalansi engathathi hlangothi ngokwethiyori mayelana nokukhishwa.
Yini ekhathazayo ngomthelela wayo wangempela?
Nokho, ucwaningo oluningi lwakamuva luye lwabekela inselele lo mcabango. Ngokomsebenzi we UJohn DeCicco, izinzuzo zemvelo zama-biofuels zincipha kakhulu lapho kucatshangelwa ukukhishwa okuphuma ekukhiqizeni kwawo nasekusetshenzisweni kokugcina.
'Lolu ucwaningo lokuqala lokuhlola ngokucophelela ikhabhoni ekhishwa emhlabeni lapho kutshalwa khona ama-biofuels, kunokuba kube nokuqagela ngakho. “Uma sibheka okwenzeka ngempela phansi, siyabona ukuthi ayikho ikhabhoni eyanele ekhishwa emkhathini ukuze kulungiswe lokho okuphuma emsileni,” kusho uDeCicco.
Esikhundleni sokungathathi hlangothi ngokuphelele kwe-carbon, kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi amagesi abamba ukushisa amaningi akhishwa ngesikhathi sokushiswa kwama-biofuel kunalokho izitshalo ezingabamba ngesikhathi sokukhula kwazo. Ukwengeza, ezinye izici ezinjengokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukusetshenziswa kukamanyolo, namandla okucubungula ama-biofuels adlala indima ebalulekile kumthelela wawo wonke wendawo.
Ukukhiqizwa nokukhiqizwa kwama-biofuels
Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-biofuels eziqoqwe ngezigaba eziningana. I isizukulwane sokuqala sama-biofuels yilezo ezitholakala ezitshalweni ezidliwayo, ezinjengommbila noma umoba, kuyilapho isizukulwane sesibili se-biofuels Basebenzisa izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingadleki, njengemfucuza yezimboni noma i-non-food biomass.
- Ama-biofuel esizukulwane sokuqala, njengama-bioalcohols (i-ethanol ne-methanol) kanye ne-biodiesel, abe yizindawo eziyinhloko ezithatha indawo yezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi.
- Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuye kwadala impikiswano ngokusimama kwayo, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokwenyuka kwentengo yemikhiqizo yezolimo kanye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi okubangelwa izitshalo ezifana nesundu ukukhiqiza i-biodiesel.
Emhlabeni jikelele, i-biodiesel namanye ama-biofuel nawo anemithelela emibi ekugawulweni kwamahlathi. Umbiko we Ezokuthutha kanye Nezemvelo uveze ukuthi ama-biofuels atholakala kuwoyela wesundu kanye nobhontshisi wesoya angangcolisa ngo-80% ngaphezu kukadizili wendabuko uma kucatshangelwa ukungcola okubangelwa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi.
Inkinga yokugawulwa kwamahlathi nokushintsha kokusetshenziswa komhlaba
Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ngama-biofuels ukuthi kudingeka indawo enkulu yokulima ukuze kukhiqizwe. Lokhu kuholele entweni eyaziwa ngokuthi yi- ukushintsha ukusetshenziswa komhlaba okungaqondile, okuhlanganisa ukunwetshwa komhlaba wokulima ezindaweni ezazingamahlathi noma amahlathi ngaphambili. Lokhu kuguqulwa kunezindleko eziphezulu zemvelo, njengoba inani elikhulu le-CO2 eligcinwe ezitshalweni ezisusiwe kanye nenhlabathi iyakhululwa.
Ngokwesibonelo, eBrazil, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kwezigidi zamahektha ehlathi lemvula lase-Amazon ukuze kuvuleke indawo yezitshalo zikabhontshisi wesoya ukukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel kuye kwabhalwa phansi. Lezi zinhlobo zezinqubo azithinti nje kuphela ibhalansi ye-CO2, kodwa futhi zibeka engcupheni izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nemvelo yendawo.
Ukukhiqizwa okujulile kwama-biofuels ezitshalweni ezifana nesundu kuye kwadala ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okukhulu emazweni anjenge-Indonesia. Ngokusho kwe-Ecologyas en Acción, isidingo esikhulayo sama-biofuels singabangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi afinyelela kumahektha ayizigidi ezingu-7 ehlathi, kukhiphe amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-11 e-CO500 emkhathini.
Ezinye izindlela ezingasetshenziswa kuma-biofuels endabuko
Naphezu kwezinselelo, izinto ezintsha zifuna ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwama-biofuels esimeme avela isizukulwane sesibili noma isizukulwane sesithathu, ezisebenzisa imfucuza yezimboni noma ulwelwe, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise umthelela wendawo.
Izibonelo zihlanganisa i amafutha emifino e-hydrotreated (HVO), engatholakala kumafutha okupheka angcolile kanye namafutha ezilwane, inketho evumelana nemvelo. Eqinisweni, emazweni amaningana aseYurophu, izinkampani ezinkulu zamandla seziqala ukukhiqiza i-HVO, zinikeza enye indlela encane engcolisa i-biodiesel yendabuko.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ucwaningo olusha oluhlola ukusetshenziswa kwe amagciwane afana ne-Streptomyces ukwakha ama-biofuel asebenza kahle futhi angangcolisi kakhulu ngokusebenzisa ama-molecule afana nokuthi «I-Jawsamycin«. Lokhu kusungulwa kungase kuguqule indlela i-biofuel ekhiqizwa ngayo esikhathini esizayo.
Okokugcina, izinto zokubasa zokwenziwa ezifana amafutha e-e, ehlanganisa i-hydrogen eluhlaza ne-carbon dioxide ebanjiwe, okwenza umjikelezo we-carbon ovaliwe onganciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ukukhishwa kwe-greenhouse gas emkhakheni wezokuthutha.
Ngamafuphi, ama-biofuels asenendlela ende okufanele ahambe ngayo ukuze abe yisixazululo semvelo sangempela. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe obusha buthuthuka futhi kufunwa ezinye izindlela ezisimeme, kubalulekile ukugcina indlela ebucayi futhi kubhekwe yonke imithelela yemvelo yokukhiqiza nokusebenzisa kwabo.