Esinye sezitshalo ezaziwa kakhulu futhi esenziwe ezingadini zasemadolobheni utamatisi. Ukuthandwa kwayo akukona nje ukuqondana, ngoba utamatisi uyisitshalo esikhiqiza kakhulu esinikeza izithelo ezimnandi ezingasetshenziswa ezitsheni eziningi. Nokho, kungaba inselele uma izisekelo ezithile zinganakwa.
Kusukela ekukhethweni kwezinhlobonhlobo kuya esikhathini sokutshala esifanele kanye nokunakekelwa okudingekayo, ukukhulisa utamatisi ekhaya kudinga ulwazi oluthile ukuze kuqinisekiswe isivuno esihle. Ngezansi, sikutshela ukuthi ungakhula kanjani utamatisi ngempumelelo, uchaza konke odinga ukukwazi.
Izinhlobo zikatamatisi zokutshala
Isinyathelo sokuqala sokukhulisa utamatisi ngempumelelo ukukhetha izinhlobonhlobo kahle. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zikatamatisi: ezithile e enganqunyelwe. Ukwazi umehluko phakathi kokubili kubalulekile:
- Utamatisi onqunyiwe: Ziyizinhlobonhlobo ezikhula zibe usayizi othize (cishe 60-90 cm) futhi zikhiqize zonke izithelo ngesikhathi esisodwa, ezingasiza uma ufuna ukwenza isivuno esikhulu ngesikhathi esifushane.
- Utamatisi onganqunyelwe: Lezi zinhlobonhlobo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zikhula ngokuqhubekayo futhi zikhiqize izithelo phakathi nayo yonke inkathi, okuzenza zibe zilungele labo abafuna isivuno esisakazwa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuhle ukukhetha lezo zinhlobonhlobo ezimelana nezinambuzane nezifo. Imbewu yomdabu ivamise ukungenwa kalula yilezi zinkinga ngenxa yokuthi ivumelana kangcono nesimo sezulu kanye nezimo zendawo. Uma unemibuzo mayelana nezinhlobonhlobo ezifanele kakhulu endaweni yangakini, thintana nabalimi bendawo noma izinkulisa.
Amathiphu okukhulisa utamatisi
Isikhathi esifanele sokutshala sibalulekile. Enyakatho nenkabazwe, kuhle ukutshala ngoJanuwari ngaphansi kokuvikelwa (njengezindlu zokugcina izithombo noma izitshalo zasendlini), njengoba izinhlobo eziningi, njengotamatisi we-Marmande, zingasebenzisa ngokunenzuzo izimo uma zivikelwe emakhazeni.
Ukuhlwanyela embhedeni wembewu
NgoMashi, ungaqala ukuhlwanyela emibhedeni yembewu evulekile uma ungesabi ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa, nakuba kungakuhle ukuthi uqhubeke usebenzisa izakhiwo ezifana nezindlu zokugcina izithombo ukuze ugcine umswakama ozinzile. Imbewu iqala ukumila esikhathini esiyizinsuku eziyi-7 kuya kweziyi-10 uma izinga lokushisa elanele ligcinwa (cishe ku-21ºC).
Ukushisa nokukhanya
Isidingo sokukhanya kwelanga siyisihluthulelo sokutshala utamatisi. Kufanele zithole okungenani amahora angu-6 elanga ngosuku, nakuba ukusebenza kwazo kuba ngcono kakhulu uma zivezwa phakathi kwamahora angu-8 nayi-10 ngosuku. Mayelana nezinga lokushisa, utamatisi uyisitshalo esizwela kakhulu kokubili amakhaza nokushisa okukhulu. Izinga lokushisa elifanele liphakathi kuka-22 no-29 °C. Amazinga okushisa angaphansi kuka-13°C angakhinyabeza inqubo yokukhula, kuyilapho ukushisa okudlulele kungase kuphazamise ukukhiqizwa kwezithelo.
Inqubo yokufakelwa
Cishe ezinyangeni ezimbili emva kokutshala, lapho izitshalo zikhombisa amaqabunga eqiniso angama-4 kuya kwayisi-6, sekuyisikhathi sokuwatshala.
Ungayenza kanjani Okokuqala, kuhle ukufaka umthamo omuhle womanyolo emhlabathini ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi izitshalo zithola izakhi ezibalulekile kusukela ekuqaleni. Lapho ungcwaba izithombo, gqiba isiqu kuze kufike emaqabunga okuqala. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwezimpande ezengeziwe futhi kusiza ukuqinisa isitshalo.
Amathiphu abalulekile okufakelwa kabusha
- Ukunisela: Zinisele ngokushesha ngemva kokufakelwa kabusha ukuze inhlabathi ihlanganiswe futhi iqinisekise ukuthintana phakathi kwezimpande nomhlabathi. Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwawo kokuqala, utamatisi udinga ukuchelela okuningi njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-3-4.
- Isikhala: Kubalulekile ukushiya isikhala esanele phakathi kwezitshalo. Ezinhlobonhlobo ezithile, isikhala phakathi kwezitshalo kufanele sibe ngu-40 cm; ku-indeterminate kuze kufike ku-80 cm.
- Ukuvikelwa emakhazeni: Qinisekisa ukuthi unezindlu zokugcina izithombo ezincane noma uhlobo oluthile lwekhava olutholakalayo uma amazinga okushisa ehla ngokuzumayo.
- Iziteki nokusekelwa: Kunconywa ukuthi ucabange kabusha kusukela ekuqaleni. Ngokusebenzisa izigxobo noma amakheji, izitshalo zizohlala ziqondile, zithuthukise ukujikeleza komoya phakathi kwamaqabunga nezithelo, okunciphisa amathuba okuba nezifo zefungal.
Ukunakekela utamatisi
Ukunakekelwa okufanele kwezitshalo zikatamatisi kubalulekile ukuze uthole isivuno esihle. Lapha sikushiyela amathiphu okunakekela lezi zitshalo:
- Ukutshala: Khetha indawo lapho izitshalo zithola khona ukukhanya okwanele futhi zisenhlabathini ekhanyiswe kahle. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuze ugweme ukugcwala kwamanzi futhi uvimbele izinkinga zezimpande.
- Ukunisela: Ziphuzise njalo, kodwa uhlale ugwema amanzi amaningi. Ithiphu elisebenzayo ukunisela ngokujulile njalo ezinsukwini ezine noma ezinhlanu, okuqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso sezimpande sihlala simanzi ngaphandle kokusuthisa.
- Ukuvundisa: Nikeza umanyolo olinganiselayo ocebile nge-phosphorus ne-calcium lapho izitshalo ziqala ukuqhakaza. Umanyolo kufanele usetshenziswe njalo ngemva kwamasonto amabili noma amathathu phakathi nomjikelezo wokukhula.
- Ukuthena: Ukuqeda amahlumela esibili - aziwa ngokuthi ama-suckers - kubalulekile ukugxilisa amandla esitshalo ekukhuleni kwezithelo. Ukwengeza, lo mkhuba usiza ukuthuthukisa ukuhamba komoya nokuchayeka elangeni.
- Okuhlanganisiwe: Ukubeka umquba ophilayo endaweni ezungezile yezitshalo kugcina umswakama, kuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi futhi kucindezela ukhula.
- Ukusekelwa: Njengoba izitshalo zikhula, sebenzisa izigxobo, amakheji noma ama-trellises ukuze uzigcine ziqondile. Lokhu kuzovumela izithelo ukuthi zingathinti phansi futhi kuzovimbela ukubonakala kwesikhunta nezinambuzane.
- Ukuvimbela izinambuzane nezifo: Hlola izitshalo njalo ukuze uthole izimpawu zezinambuzane noma izifo. Susa amaqabunga athintekile noma izithelo ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze uvimbele ukusabalala.
Ngokufanayo, kungcono ukungasiphathi isitshalo uma simanzi, njengoba lokhu kungandisa ingozi yokutheleleka kwefungal.
Ukulawula izinambuzane ezitshalweni zikatamatisi
Utamatisi usengozini yokuhlaselwa yizinambuzane eziningana, kuhlanganise izibungu zikatamatisi futhi i izintwala. Ukuvimbela ukuhlaselwa okunzima, izindlela ezididiyelwe zokulawula izinambuzane zingasetshenziswa, ezibandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yemvelo noma yemvelo efana namafutha e-neem. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuhle ukugcina ingadi ihlanzekile futhi ingenazo izinsalela zezitshalo, okunciphisa amathuba okuba nezinambuzane.
Uma kwenzeka izifo fungal, ezifana isikhutha, kunconywa ukusebenzisa ama-fungicides okuvimbela nokugcina ukugeleza komoya okuhle phakathi kwezitshalo.
Ukuqoqa nokugcina
Ukuvuna ngendlela efanele kubalulekile ukuze uthole utamatisi wekhwalithi. Utamatisi kufanele uvuthwe lapho usuvuthwe ngokugcwele, kodwa usaqinile lapho uthintwa. Umbala kufanele ukhanye, okubonisa ukuthi utamatisi ufinyelele izinga elifanele lokuvuthwa. Akufanelekile ukugcina utamatisi esiqandisini, njengoba lokhu kungonakalisa ukunambitheka nokuthungwa kwawo. Kunalokho, zigcine endaweni epholile, neyomile.
Ngalawa macebiso nokunakekelwa, uzobe ulungele ukujabulela isivuno sakho sikatamatisi. Khumbula ukuthi nakuba kuyisitshalo esidinga ukunakwa njalo, izithelo zomsebenzi wakho zizofaneleka uma ukhetha lawo matamatisi amasha, anamanzi.