Yenza i-biodiesel yethu ngamafutha amasha noma asetshenzisiwe Kuyenzeka nakuba kunezinkinga ezithile. Kulesi sihloko ngizokhuluma nawe mayelana nendlela yokudala i-biodiesel, ngaphezu kwalezo zinkinga ezishiwo, kodwa into yokuqala ukwazi ukuthi yini esizoyenza.
I-Biodiesel iyi-a i-biofuel engamanzi etholakala kumafutha emifino, izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokusetshenziswa okwamanje okuyi-rapeseed, ubhekilanga nobhontshisi wesoya. Nakuba ukukhiqizwa kwayo namasiko olwelwe nakho kuyacwaningwa, akukabi yinqubo esabalele ezingeni lezimboni.
Izakhiwo ze-biodiesel zifana kakhulu nalezo zedizili yezimoto ngokuya ngokuminyana kanye nenombolo ye-cetane. Kodwa-ke, ine-flash point ephakeme kunodizili, okwenza ngcono ukuphepha kwayo ekugcinweni nasekuhambeni.
La I-American Society for Testing and Material Standard (I-ASTM) ichaza i-biodiesel ngokuthi:
"Ama-Monoalkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids atholakala ku-lipids avuselelekayo njengamafutha emifino noma amafutha ezilwane, futhi asetshenziswa ezinjinini zokucisha umlilo."
Ngaphakathi kwezingxenye ze-biodiesel, ama-esters asetshenziswa kakhulu yi-methanol ne-ethanol (etholwe ekuguqulweni kwe-transesterification kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwamafutha emifino noma amafutha ezilwane). Lezi yizinhlanganisela eziyisihluthulelo, ngaphezu kokuthengeka, zibe nezici ezifanele zokuxuba namafutha emifino ngokuzinza kanye nezindleko.
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-biofuels afana ne-biodiesel kuveza imininingwane ethile maqondana nezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, ikakhulukazi ngoba lawa ma-biofuels ancike ekuhlinzekeni kwezolimo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi izimakethe zezolimo zinethonya kanjani ekukhiqizeni kwakho.
Ngalo mqondo, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukukhula kwemboni ye-biodiesel Akuncikile kakhulu ekutholakaleni kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zendawo, kodwa kunalokho ukuthi kunesidingo esanele yini.
Ukwanda kwesidingo salawa ma-biofuel kungasekela ukudalwa kwamathuba emisebenzi emkhakheni oyinhloko, ukusungulwa kwenani labantu ezindaweni zasemakhaya kanye nokunciphisa imithelela yokuphenduka ugwadule ngokutshalwa kwezitshalo zamandla. Lo mjikelezo omuhle uvumela ukukhiqizwa kwe-biodiesel ukuthi kuzuze ezolimo nezimboni, kudale ukusebenzisana phakathi kwemikhakha.
Izinzuzo kanye nebubi biodiesel
Izinzuzo eziyinhloko ze-biodiesel ngaphezu kukadizili zivela kuyo imvelo evuselelekayo. Ngokungafani nezibaseli ezimbiwa phansi, ezingaphansi kokuncipha futhi zidale izinkinga zemvelo, ama-biofuels angakhiqizwa unomphela inqobo nje uma ukuchithwa kwekhabhoni eyanele kugcinwa. Ngaphezu kokuba inketho ehlanzekile, i-biodiesel ivumela ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwemfucuza, njengamafutha okupheka asetshenzisiwe.
Ngokufanayo, i-biodiesel ingaba a isici sokunciphisa ekuncikeni kwamandla emazweni okuthi, njengeSpain, angenise ngaphezu kuka-80% wamafutha ezinsalela awasebenzisayo. Ngokukhiqiza i-biodiesel kuleli, isidingo sokuthenga uphethiloli kwamanye amazwe siyancishiswa, okwenza kube nomthelela omuhle ekuhwebeni kwezwe.
Esinye isici esihle ukuthi i-biodiesel kunciphisa kakhulu ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 ngesikhathi somlilo, okunomthelela ekulweni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 phakathi nomjikelezo wokuphila kungase kungathathi hlangothi, njengoba izitshalo ezitholakala kuzo zimunca ikhabhoni ngesikhathi sokukhula kwazo.
Ngaphandle kokuthi i-biodegradable, lena inketho enobuthi obuncane kakhulu kunezinye izibaseli, ezinciphisa ingozi yokungcoliswa kwemvelo futhi zenze kube lula ukuphatha kwayo uma kwenzeka ichitheka ngengozi.
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo, enye yezinselelo eziyinhloko ze-biodiesel ukuthi engakancintisani uma kuqhathaniswa nodizili wezinsalela ngenxa yezindleko zokukhiqiza. Mayelana nalokhu, amanani entengo yezinto zokulima kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezinqubo zokucwengisiswa yizici ezibalulekile ezinciphisa ikhono le-biodiesel lokuncintisana ngokulingana nedizili evamile.
Mayelana nezakhiwo zobuchwepheshe, kufanele futhi kubhekwe ukuthi i-biodiesel enayo inani eliphansi lokushisa kudizili ojwayelekile, omele ukulahleka kwamandla kancane ezinjinini eziyisebenzisayo. Lokhu kulahlekelwa akubalulekile, kodwa kunciphisa ukwamukelwa kwayo emikhakheni ethile.
Singayenza kanjani eyethu i-biodiesel
Thola i-biodiesel yethu ekhaya kuyingozi kakhulu ngenxa yamakhemikhali asetshenziswayo, njenge-methanol noma i-caustic soda. Ngakho-ke, angikhuthazi ukukwenza ngaphandle kokuhambisana nazo zonke izinyathelo zokuphepha futhi ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa ngokomthetho, kusukela Akukho emthethweni ukukhiqiza i-biodiesel eSpain.
Nakuba inqubo eyisisekelo ilula, i-transesterification ihilela ukuphathwa kwemikhiqizo enobuthi negqwalayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze uhambisane nemithethonqubo yamanje, kufanele ube nezinsiza ezanele zokuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa okuphephile.
Inqubo
Ngamakhemikhali, i-biodiesel itholakala emafutheni emvelaphi yemifino, lapho sithola khona ama-triglycerides. Lezi zinhlanganisela zenziwe ngama-molecule amathathu e-fatty acid axhunywe ku-molecule ye-glycerin.
Inqubo ye-transesterification ihlanganisa ukuhlukanisa lawa ma-fatty acids ku-glycerin futhi awasize abophe i-methanol noma i-ethanol molecule esebenzisa i-catalyst, ngokuvamile i-sodium hydroxide (NaOH) noma i-potassium hydroxide (KOH).
Imikhiqizo edingekayo
Eyokuqala yemikhiqizo esizoyidinga ukwenza i-biodiesel utshwala. Ungakhetha ukwenza kanjalo i-methanol (okwakha i-methyl esters) noma ethanol (okwakha i-ethyl esters). Nokho, lapha izinkinga zokuqala zivela.
Uma unquma ukwenza i-biodiesel nge-methanol, kufanele uhlale ukhumbula ukuthi ngokuvamile ivela kugesi yemvelo futhi ayikwazi ukutholwa yenziwe ekhaya. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-ethanol ivela emithonjeni yemvelo, njengezitshalo, ngakho-ke ingakhiqizwa ngendlela yendawo, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yesidingo sokuhlanzeka okukhulu nokulawula inqubo.
I-Methanol ne-ethanol, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi ekhethiwe, kukhona amakhemikhali anobuthi okumele kuphathwe ngokucophelela okuphelele. Akuyona nje ingozi uma idliwe, kodwa ukuthintana nesikhumba nakho kungabangela ukulimala okukhulu.
Izinto ezidingekayo kanye nezitsha
- Ilitha elilodwa lamafutha emifino (amasha noma asetshenzisiwe)
- 200 ml ye-methanol ekuhlanzeni okungama-99%.
- I-Catalyst: i-potassium hydroxide (KOH) noma i-sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
- I-blender endala noma eshibhile
- Ibhalansi enembile (enokulungiswa okungu-0,1 g noma okungcono)
- Izinkomishi zokulinganisa (zamafutha ne-methanol)
- Iziqukathi zepulasitiki (i-HDPE), ukumelana namakhemikhali
- Amabhodlela epulasitiki (PET) okulungisa nokugeza
- I-thermometer yokulinganisa izinga lokushisa phakathi nenqubo
Zonke izinto ezisetshenziswayo kufanele zihlanzwe futhi zigcinwe zomile ngaphambi kokuqala inqubo. Kubalulekile ukuthi zonke iziqukathi ezisetshenzisiwe zigcine zonke izici zazo zamakhemikhali amelana nokugqwala.
Ukuphepha, kubaluleke kakhulu
Ukuphepha kubalulekile lapho uphatha i-methanol, i-ethanol, kanye nama-catalysts asezimbonini njenge-caustic soda. Lezi zinto zingaba yingozi kakhulu ngaphandle kokuqapha okufanele. Ukuqinisekisa indawo ephephile, kufanele ube nemishini ethile esandleni.
- Amagilavu aqinile, amade ngokwanele ukuvikela izingalo
- Izibuko zokuzivikela kanye nemaski akhethekile ukuze kugwenywe ukuhogela intuthu enobuthi
- Ukufinyelela endaweni engenawo umoya enamanzi agelezayo atholakalayo
- Vimbela ukufinyelela ezinganeni nasezifuyweni
Ungakwazi ukudala i-biodiesel kunoma yiliphi ikhaya?
Naphezu kochungechunge oluthi "Lowo ozayo", lapho ihlaya elijwayelekile lokwenza i-biodiesel ngokunyakazisa ibhodlela livela, ukuthola i-biodiesel eyenziwe ekhaya akulula kangako noma kuphephile. Ukudala le biofuel kungaba umsebenzi oyingozi uma imiyalelo efanele ingalandelwa, futhi njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, eSpain akukho emthethweni ukukwenza ekhaya.
Nakuba inqubo ephelele ingase ibonakale ilula kuwe uma yethulwa ngokufingqiwe, kunezigaba eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana nokuhlunga kwamafutha, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-glycerin kanye ne-biodiesel deacidification edinga imishini ethuthukisiwe nolwazi oluthuthukisiwe lwezobuchwepheshe ekhemistry ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina.
I-biodiesel eyenziwe ekhaya eSpain
Njengamanje e-Spain akukho emthethweni ukukhiqiza i-biodiesel yasekhaya, umthethonqubo okhawulela kakhulu amathuba okuba le biofuel idume kubakhiqizi abancane. Nakuba amanye amazwe evumela ukukhiqizwa kwezinga elincane ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, izwe laseSpain likhawulela ukukhiqizwa kwalo ngenxa yezingozi ezihlobene nenqubo kanye nezithakazelo zezomnotho ezingaba khona.
Kodwa-ke, amanye amazwe anjenge-United States aseqalile ukwazisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhithi okukhiqizwa kwe-biodiesel kwezicelo ezincane, njengezingadi noma amapulazi. Nakuba la makhithi enza inqubo ibe lula, izingozi ezingokwemvelo zisekhona futhi kudingeka ukuqapha okuphezulu.
Isizathu esiyinhloko ngemuva kwemikhawulo cishe sihlobene kokubili ukuphepha kwenqubo kanye ne Izintshisekelo zezomnotho ezixhumene nokudayiswa kwamafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Ezingeni likahulumeni, ukukhiqizwa kwe-biodiesel okuzenzela kumelela usongo ekuphathweni kwezinkampani ezinkulu zikawoyela, okungase kuchaze ukuthi kungani ukukhiqizwa kwawo kuhlala kungekho emthethweni.
Kunoma yikuphi, ikusasa le-biodiesel kungenzeka liguquke njengoba ohulumeni bethola izindlela ezintsha zokulawula ukukhiqizwa kwezinga elincane, kodwa okwamanje lisalokhu liyindawo evinjelwe ngaphakathi kweSpain.
Nakuba izindaba zomthetho nezokuphepha zivimbela inketho yokukhiqiza i-biodiesel ekhaya emazweni amaningi, le-biofuel isalokhu iyindlela ethembisayo yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni futhi iphokophele ekusaseni lamandla esimeme kakhudlwana.