Namuhla sizokhuluma ngohlobo lwenjini ehlukile kuneyejwayelekile esetshenziswa ngaphakathi. Izimoto ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izinjini ezinikwa amandla yi- izinto zokubasa okusebenza kahle kwawo ngokuvamile akuphakeme kakhulu. Kulokhu, sethula kuwe injini ye-Stirling. Lolu hlobo lwenjini lunikeza ukusebenza kahle okukhulu kunezinjini zikaphethiloli noma zikadizili futhi ibuye ihambisane nemvelo.
Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izici eziyinhloko ze-injini ye-Stirling, ukuthi isebenza kanjani nokuthi yiziphi izinzuzo zayo eziyinhloko kanye nebubi. Sizophinde sihlolisise ezinye zezindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu zale njini, ezingadlala indima ebalulekile ekushintsheni kwamandla.
Injini eyi-Stirling
I-Stirling injini iwuhlobo lwenjini evuthayo yangaphandle esebenzisa ukucindezela okukhiqizwa igesi eshisiwe futhi epholile, esikhundleni sokuvutha kwangaphakathi lapho kushiswa khona izibaseli. Kuyinto esunguliwe ehlehlela emuva ku-1816, lapho yaklanywa futhi yanikezwa ilungelo lobunikazi ngumfundisi waseScotland. URobert Stirling. Ihloswe njengenye indlela ephephile yenjini yesitimu eyayibusa isikhathi, i-Stirling inikeze ukusebenza kahle okukhulu nokuphepha ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwayo okulula.
Nakuba ibe nobunzima ekuzisunguleleni izicelo ezinkulu ngenxa yemikhawulo yezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho, isasebenza kakhulu emikhakheni ethile, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuntuleka kwayo. ukusebenza ngokuthula kanye nekhono layo lokukhiqiza amandla emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namandla avuselelekayo.
Njengamanje, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kugxile imikhumbi-ngwenya futhi i ukukhiqizwa kukagesi, ikakhulukazi ezitshalweni zelanga, lapho izinjini ze-Stirling zisebenzisa ukushisa kwelanga ukuze zikhiqize amandla ngendlela efanele. Ezigabeni ezilandelayo, sizohlola imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana nokusebenza kwayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo.
Ukusebenza kwenjini edidayo
Injini ye-Stirling ilandela umjikelezo we-thermodynamic owaziwa ngokuthi Stirling umjikelezo, equkethe izigaba ezine eziyisisekelo: ukushisa, ukunwetshwa, ukupholisa nokucindezelwa. Ngokungafani nezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi, ku-Stirling injini, igesi ihlala ivaliwe ngaphakathi kwesistimu, okusho ukuthi akukho kukhishwa okungcolisayo, okufana ne-carbon dioxide noma amagesi anobuthi, okukhishwayo. Lokhu kuyenza ibe inketho ekhangayo ngokombono wemvelo.
Izimiso zokusebenza ezibalulekile: Umjikelezo we-Stirling usekelwe ezimisweni ezimbili ezibalulekile:
- Ukucindezela ngaphakathi kwegesi kuyanda lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka ngevolumu evaliwe.
- Ukucindezelwa kwegesi ngevolumu engashintshi nakho kuphakamisa izinga lokushisa layo.
Lezi zimiso zisetshenziswa ngamakamelo amabili, elilodwa elishisayo nelibandayo, eliqukethe igesi esebenzayo (engaba i-helium, i-hydrogen, i-nitrogen noma umoya). Igesi ihamba phakathi kwamagumbi womabili, okubangela ukuhlukahluka komfutho oshayela amapiston.
Inqubo iqala ngokushisisa igesi kusilinda esishisayo. Lapho ishisa, igesi iyakhula futhi iphushele i-piston phansi. Igesi eshisayo ibe isidluliselwa egunjini elibandayo, lapho iphola khona futhi umfutho wayo wehle ukuze ucindezelwe futhi. Lokhu kukhiqiza ukunyakaza kwama-piston ngama-cyclic futhi kuguqula amandla ashisayo abe amandla asetshenziswayo awusizo ekukhiqizeni ugesi noma ukuhambisa imoto.
Izingxenye zenjini ezishukumisayo
Injini ye-Stirling yenziwe izingxenye ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ezisebenza ndawonye ukwenza umjikelezo wokuguqula amandla:
- Isilinda se-displacer: Unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhambisa igesi phakathi kokugxila okushisayo nokubandayo.
- Amandla e-Piston: Isiguquli samandla ashisayo egesi siwenza umsebenzi wemishini ongasetshenziswa ukuhambisa umshini.
- Umenzi kabusha: Isishintshi sokushisa esimunca ukushisa kwegesi uma sisesigabeni sokupholisa futhi sikubuyisele lapho igesi ifudumeza futhi. Lokhu kusiza ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle komjikelezo.
- I-burner noma umthombo wokushisa: Inikeza amandla ashisayo adingekayo ukushisa igesi.
- I-Flywheel: Isebenza njengesiqinisi esigcina ukunyakaza okujikelezayo okufanayo, okubalulekile ekusebenzeni okuqhubekayo kwenjini.
- I-Crankshaft: Isiguquli sokunyakaza komugqa kwepiston kube ukunyakaza okujikelezayo.
Esigabeni esilandelayo, sizochaza ngesigaba ngasinye somjikelezo wokusebenza kwenjini ukuze siqonde ukuthi lezi zingxenye zisebenzisana kanjani ukuze zenze umsebenzi wemishini.
Izigaba zomjikelezo wenjini ye-Stirling
Umjikelezo wokusebenza kwenjini ye-Stirling uqukethe izigaba ezine ezilandelayo:
- Ukunwetshwa kwegesi eshisayo: Ukushisa kusetshenziswa engxenyeni yegesi ku-cylinder eshisayo, okubangela ukwanda. Igesi eshisayo iphushela ipiston phansi, yenza umsebenzi womshini.
- Dlulisela kusilinda esibandayo: Igesi eshisayo idluliselwa ku-cylinder ebandayo, lapho ipholisa khona ngokushesha.
- Ukucindezelwa kwegesi ebandayo: Igesi ebandayo iyacindezelwa lapho i-piston ikhuphuka, isusa okunye ukushisa okutholile phakathi nesigaba sokunwetshwa.
- Buyela kusilinda esishisayo: Igesi ecindezelwe ibuyela kusilinda esishisayo lapho inqubo iphindaphindwa khona.
Izinzuzo zenjini ye-Stirling
Injini ye-Stirling inezinzuzo eziningi ngaphezu kwezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi:
- Ukusebenza buthule: Njengoba kungekho ukuvutha kwangaphakathi, injini ye-Stirling isebenza ngokuthula okukhulu, okuyenza ilungele izinto ezingezwani nomsindo njengemikhumbi-ngwenya noma amajeneretha kagesi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni.
- Ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu: Ikhono layo lokusebenzisa imithombo yokushisa yangaphandle eminingi kanye nokwakheka kwayo okuphumelelayo kuyivumela ukuthi ifinyelele ukusebenza eduze nomjikelezo we-Carnot. Kuzicelo ezifana ukuzalwa, lokhu kusebenza kahle kubaluleke kakhulu.
- Ukuvumelana nezimo emithonjeni yokushisa: Injini ye-Stirling ingasebenza emithonjeni yokushisa ehlukahlukene, kusukela kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi kuye kumandla ahlanzeke ngokuphelele njengamandla elanga.
- Umthelela ophansi kwezemvelo: Iqiniso lokuthi igesi ivaliwe kusho ukuthi ayikhiphi amagesi angcolisayo, okuyenza ibe inketho yemvelo kakhulu.
- Ukunakekela okwehlisiwe: Ngenxa yomklamo wayo olula kanye nokuntuleka kokuqhuma kwangaphakathi, injini ye-Stirling idinga ukulungiswa okuncane uma kuqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe bendabuko bokuvutha kwangaphakathi.
- Impilo ende ewusizo: Idizayini eqinile nobulula besistimu ivumela izinjini ze-Stirling ukuthi zibe nempilo ende, zibanike inani elikhulu ezinhlelweni zesikhathi eside.
- Ukuhlukahluka: Kusukela emikhumbi-ngwenya, kuya kumajeneretha anamandla elanga, kuya ezinhlelweni zokuhlanganisa, injini ye-Stirling inezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, okwenza kube ithuluzi eliwusizo ezimbonini eziningi.
Ukungalungi kwenjini ye-Stirling
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo eziningi, injini ye-Stirling nayo inezinkinga eziye zanciphisa ukutholwa kwayo okukhulu:
- Izindleko zokuqala eziphezulu: Ukwakhiwa kwenjini ye-Stirling, enezishintshi zayo zokushisa nezinto ezithile ukuze imelane nokucindezela nezinga lokushisa, kuyabiza, okunciphisa ukuncintisana kwayo ngokuphathelene nobunye ubuchwepheshe.
- Ukushoda kokuduma: Nakuba izici zayo zihlaba umxhwele, ukuntula ulwazi olujwayelekile ngenjini ye-Stirling kube yisithiyo ekusetshenzisweni kwayo ngezinga elibanzi.
- Izinkinga zokuvala: Ukugcina igesi esebenzayo kungaba nzima, ikakhulukazi ezinjini ezisebenza ngokucindezela okukhulu, okuthinta ukusebenza nokuqina kwazo.
- Usayizi nesisindo: Izinjini ezishukumisayo ngokuvamile zinkulu kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi zamandla afanayo ngenxa yesidingo sezishintshisi zokushisa ezinkulu.
- Isikhathi sokuphendula esikhawulelwe: Nakuba isebenza kahle ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla njalo, injini ye-Stirling ayifanele amasistimu adinga izinguquko ezisheshayo emandleni, njengezimoto.
I-Stirling injini izicelo
Injini ye-Stirling ithole izinhlelo zokusebenza ezindaweni ezimbalwa ezibalulekile. Phakathi kwezinto eziphawuleka kakhulu yilezi:
- Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla elanga: Ezindaweni ezinelanga, injini ye-Stirling ingasebenzisa amandla elanga agxilile ukuze ikhiqize ugesi ngezinga eliphezulu lokusebenza kahle. Izitshalo zokuhlola zibonise ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe bungakwazi ukuncintisana kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa neminye imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo.
- I-submarine propulsion: Ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo buthule kanye nokungabikho komoya ovuthayo, injini ye-Stirling iye yasetshenziswa emikhunjini ehamba ngaphansi kwamanzi ohambweni olude lwangaphansi kwamanzi.
- Ukupompa amanzi: Ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, lapho ukuntuleka kukagesi kungaba yinkinga, injini ye-Stirling isetshenziselwe ukudonsa amanzi ngenxa yekhono layo lokusebenzisa i-biomass noma izinsalela zezitshalo njengomthombo wokushisa.
- Izicelo zezimboni: Injini ye-Stirling iphinde ihlolwe ekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni njengamajeneretha asizayo ezimbonini ezikwazi ukusizakala ngokushisa kwemfucuza okuvela ezinqubweni zezimboni.
- Isiqandisi: Ngokuhlehlisa umjikelezo we-thermodynamic, izinjini ze-Stirling zingasetshenziselwa ukupholisa i-cryogenic, zifinyelele emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu.
Injini ye-Stirling igqama ngokuguquguquka kwayo kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu ezinhlelweni ezikhethekile ezidinga ukusebenza njalo kanye nekhabhoni ephansi. Naphezu kokulinganiselwa kwayo, iwubuchwepheshe obunamandla amakhulu esikhathi esizayo, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokunciphisa i-carbon footprint kanye nokuhlanganisa nemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo.