ISpain iyizwe elinamandla amakhulu okuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, ithuthukiswe iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Namuhla, uhlelo lwethu lokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi lungolunye olusebenza kahle kakhulu emhlabeni, lusebenzisa i-orography yendawo kanye nokwakhiwa kwamadamu amaningi. Lokhu kubeka amandla kagesi ngamanzi njengomunye wemithombo engcono kakhulu ehlanganiswe futhi evuthwe kakhulu evuselelekayo ngaphakathi kwengxube yamandla yaseSpain.
Amandla kagesi
Amandla kagesi wamanzi eSpain ahlukaniswa kakhulu ngezinhlobo ezimbili zezikhungo zokusetshenziswa kwawo: izitshalo ezihamba emfuleni futhi i inyamazane isikhungo sonyawo.
Izitshalo eziphuma emfuleni zibamba ingxenye yokugeleza komfula futhi ziyiqondise embonini, lapho amanzi eshintshwa khona ukuze aphehle ugesi futhi abuyele osebeni lomfula. Lezi zitshalo, ngokuvamile ezincane, zinamandla angaphansi kuka-5 MW futhi zenza ama-75% emakethe yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi eSpain. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zifaka "izitshalo zamandla kagesi wokunisela", ezisebenzisa ngokunenzuzo ukungalingani kwemisele yokuchelela ukuze kuphehle ugesi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inyamazane isikhungo sonyawo Ziyizinsiza ezilawula ukuhamba kwamanzi ngokwakhiwa kwamadamu. Lokhu kufakwa kuvamise ukuba namandla kakhulu, kunamandla angaphezu kuka-5 MW, amelela cishe amaphesenti angama-20 emakethe. Izitshalo zezinyawo zamadamu zihlanganisa uhlobo olukhethekile olubizwa ngokuthi ezimaphakathi ezihlehliswayo noma ukupompa, okuklanyelwe ukugcina amanzi endaweni yokugcina amanzi ngokusebenzisa amandla kagesi ngezikhathi zesidingo esiphansi. Ngezikhathi zesidingo esikhulu, amanzi akhululwa echibini ukuze kuphehlwe ugesi, kuzuzwe ukonga okukhulu kwamandla.
Umthamo ofakiwe eSpain
Njengamanje, umthamo ophelele wamadamu eSpain ungama-cubic hectometers angama-55.000 (hm.3), lapho i-40% ihambisana nama-hydroelectric reservoirs, ebeka izwe phakathi kwezivelele kakhulu eYurophu nasemhlabeni. Ingqalasizinda kagesi wamanzi waseSpain imele umthamo ofakiwe we-17.792 MW, omele u-19,5% wawo wonke umthamo ofakiwe ezweni.
Lo mthamo omkhulu usatshalaliswa ezitshalweni zikagesi wamanzi ezingaphezu kuka-800 ezinosayizi abahlukene. Phakathi kwezinkulu kunazo zonke, kunezitshalo ezingama-20 ezinamandla afakiwe angaphezu kuka-200 MW, lapho zihlangene zifinyelela ku-50% wawo wonke amandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi. Kukhona futhi inyamazane encane ngamandla angaphansi kuka-20 MW, ahlakazeke kuyo yonke indawo yaseSpain.
Imiphakathi ezimele enamandla amakhulu afakiwe yile Catalonia, Galicia y UCastile noLeon, ngenxa yokugcwala kwawo okuphezulu kwemithombo yamanzi. Lezi zindawo, ne-orography yazo kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi, zilungele ukukhiqiza ugesi ngamanzi.
Ukuncipha kwamandla kagesi ngamanzi kungxube yamandla
Kuwo wonke umlando, amandla kagesi aphehlwa ngamanzi abe nendima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni ugesi eSpain. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni yamuva nje ukwehla kokubamba iqhaza kwayo ekuxubeni kwamandla kuye kwabonwa ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kweminye imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo, njengomoya namandla elanga. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kwehla, isalokhu ingelinye lamandla avuselelekayo akhiqiza kakhulu.
Ezibalweni, ngo-2014, amandla kagesi aphehlwa ngamanzi anikele ngo-15,5% womkhiqizo usuwonke, okhiqiza i-35.860 GWh. Nakuba bekungunyaka omuhle ngokwemibandela ye-hydraulic, ibingemuva kweminye imithombo efana ne-nuclear (22%) nomoya (20,3%). Naphezu kwegalelo lawo elilinganiselwe, amandla kagesi ayaqhubeka nokudlala indima ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni enemvula enhle.
Ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kuye kwavumela amandla amancane we-hydraulic (lezo zitshalo ezinamandla angaphansi kuka-10 MW wamandla afakiwe) ziba yinketho yokuncintisana phakathi kwemakethe kagesi. Lolu hlobo lwesikhungo sokuphehla ugesi lungase lusetshenziswe emfuleni noma luzinze edamini futhi lunenzuzo yokukwazi ukuhlinzeka ugesi ezindaweni eziqhelile, ngaphandle kwesidingo sengqalasizinda enkulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, basentuthukweni ama-microturbines enamandla angaphansi kuka-10 kW, ekwazi ukukhiqiza ugesi ezindaweni lapho kunzima ukufinyelela khona. Lawa ma turbines asebenza kahle kakhulu futhi awadingi izimpophoma ezinkulu noma ingqalasizinda ebizayo, okuwenza abe yisixazululo esiwusizo ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya noma ezingazodwa.
Ikusasa lamandla kagesi wamanzi eSpain
Ngokwezilinganiso zomkhakha, amandla kagesi aphehlwa ngamanzi kulindeleke ukuthi aqhubeke nokukhula ngenani lonyaka eliphakathi kwama-40 nama-60 MW eSpain. Nokho, amandla omnotho esimeme Kusebangeni elingaphezu kwe-1 GW, elibonisa igumbi lokukhula lobu buchwepheshe obusenalo.
Ngalo mqondo, iziphakamiso ezithembisayo kakhulu zigxile ekwenziweni kwesimanje kanye nokuvuselelwa kwezitshalo ezikhona, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwazo. Ngokufanayo, kukhona ukuzibophezela ekupompeni izitshalo, ezingagcina amandla futhi ziwakhulule lapho isidingo sikhuphuka, okunomthelela ekuzinzeni kwegridi kagesi.
Amandla kagesi wamanzi anesiko lamakhulu eminyaka eSpain, futhi nakuba indima yawo ekuxubeni kwamandla kwehlile, ukuhambisana kwawo kusalokhu kuyisisekelo. Ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha obufana nama-microturbines nezitshalo ezihlehliswayo, kanye nokwanda okulindelekile komthamo ofakiwe, lo mthombo wamandla avuselelekayo unekusasa elithembisayo. Ukuhlanganiswa kokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi ekhona kanye nokuvuselelwa kwezikhungo kuzosiza iSpain igcine isikhundla sayo njengomholi emandleni aphehlwa ngamanzi.