I-Los ama-biofuel Zingamafutha atholakala ku-biomass yezitshalo noma yezilwane. Lawa mapheshana athuthukiswa njengesixazululo samandla esimeme uma kuqhathaniswa nezibaseli zendabuko. Zihlukaniswa zibe izizukulwane ezintathu ngokwemvelaphi yazo, nakuba kuphinde kukhulunywe ngesesine esisesigabeni sokuthuthuka.
Isizukulwane sokuqala sama-biofuels
I-Los isizukulwane sokuqala sama-biofuels Babengabokuqala ukuthuthukiswa futhi akhiqizwa izitshalo zokudla. Lokhu ikakhulukazi kuhlanganisa ummbila, umoba, ubhontshisi wesoya, nezinye izitshalo zezolimo ezisetshenziselwa ukudla abantu noma izilwane. Lawa ma-biofuel ajwayelekile kakhulu yi-bioethanol ne-biodiesel.
I-United States neBrazil abakhiqizi abakhulu balolu hlobo lwe-biofuel. Ikakhulukazi basebenzisa ummbila nomoba ukwenza i-bioethanol, kuyilapho iYurophu incike ekusetshenzisweni kwezilimo ezinjengokolweni nobhontshisi. Lesi sizukulwane se-biofuel siphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngenxa ye ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wezolimo okuhloselwe ukukhiqizwa kokudla, okungase kukhiqize ukungavikeleki kokudla futhi kuthinte izintengo zempahla.
Endabeni ye-bioethanol, awukho umehluko obalulekile wamakhemikhali emkhiqizweni wokugcina otholakala kuzo zombili izitshalo zokudla nezinye izinhlobo zezinto zokusetshenziswa. Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqizwa kwe-bioethanol yesizukulwane sokuqala kunomnotho kakhulu ngoba kukhiqizwa emithonjeni ekhona kakade, efana nommbila nomoba.
I-Biodiesel Isizukulwane sokuqala sikhiqizwa ikakhulukazi ngamafutha emifino (afana nobhontshisi wesoya noma amafutha esundu) noma amafutha ezilwane. Inqubo evamile kakhulu i-transesterification, eguqula i-triglycerides ibe yi-biodiesel ngokukhipha i-glycerin.
Ngeshwa, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lolu hlobo lwe-biofuel alubhekwa njengesixazululo esimeme ngenxa yezizathu eziningana. Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu komhlaba wokulima ukuze kutshalwe amandla kungabangela izinkinga ezinkulu zemvelo, njengokugawulwa kwamahlathi noma ukuncipha kwezakhi zomhlabathi. Ngokulandelayo, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuthinta isivuno sezitshalo, okwenza ukusimama kwalolu hlobo lwama-biofuels ngezinga elikhulu kube nzima.
Isizukulwane sesibili se-biofuels
I-Los isizukulwane sesibili se-biofuels Bafuna ukunqoba imikhawulo yezemvelo nenhlalo yama-biofuels esizukulwane sokuqala. Akhiqizwa kusukela udoti wemvelo noma izinto ezingezona ukudla, njengezinsalela zezitshalo, izinsalela zehlathi noma amafutha asesetshenzisiwe kakade. Lawa ma-biofuels asiza ekunciphiseni ingcindezi emhlabeni wokulima futhi enze kube nokwenzeka ukusebenzisa imfucuza ebingabhekwa njengento engenamsebenzi.
I-Biodiesel kulesi sigaba ingatholakala emafutheni asetshenziswe kabusha, njengamafutha okupheka asetshenzisiwe, okwenza lolu hlobo lwe-biofuel luzinze kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhiqizwa kwe biogas, njenge-methane, ingenziwa ngokugaya imfucuza yezinto eziphilayo.
Isizukulwane sesithathu se-biofuels
I-Los isizukulwane sesithathu se-biofuels atholakala ikakhulukazi ulwelwe, ezikwazi ukukhiqiza amanani amakhulu e-lipids -ngaphezu kuka-50% wesisindo sawo-. Lawa ma-lipids angashintshwa abe yi-biodiesel ngezinqubo ezifana nalezo ezisetshenziswa ngamafutha emifino. Nakuba engakakhiqizwa ngezinga elikhulu, ama-algal biofuels amelela inketho ethembisayo ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwawo okuphezulu kanye nomthelela ophansi ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba wezolimo.
Ulwelwe lungakhula emhlabeni ongafanele ukulima futhi aluqhudelani nezitshalo zokudla. Ngokuzayo, lolu hlobo lwe-biofuel kulindeleke ukuthi lubambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekushintsheni kwamandla okuya emithonjeni ehlanzekile nesimeme.
Ukubaluleka nezinselele zesikhathi esizayo
Nakuba ama-biofuels enikeza enye indlela kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, kubalulekile ukucabangela imithelela yesikhathi eside yokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwayo. I-biofuel yesizukulwane sokuqala, ikakhulukazi, isamele inkinga phakathi kokuqinisekisa ukutholakala kokudla kanye nokuhlangabezana nesidingo samandla emhlabeni wonke.
I-UN izwakalise ukukhathazeka ngomthelela we-biofuels yesizukulwane sokuqala ekudleni komhlaba, incoma ukuthi amazwe agxile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-biofuels ethuthukisiwe. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, ama-biofuel esizukulwane sesibili nesesithathu kulindeleke ukuthi abe yizinketho eziyinhloko zokuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okusimeme nokusebenza kahle.
Kodwa-ke, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kungenye inguquko ebalulekile kule zibalo. Isomiso, ukugwaduleka nezinye izehlakalo zesimo sezulu ezimbi kakhulu zithinta ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo emhlabeni wonke, ngakho ukuphoqelela ukulinywa kanzima ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-biofuels esizukulwane sokuqala kungase kubhebhethekise izinkinga ezikhona zezemvelo.
Ngamafuphi, ama-biofuels kumele abe yingxenye yoguquko lwamandla olubanzi oluhlanganisa nezinye izinhlobo zamandla avuselelekayo njengelanga noma umoya. Isixazululo esiqondile sisekutholeni ukulingana phakathi kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kanye nokuvikelwa kwemithombo yemvelo nokudla. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokuthuthuka, ama-biofuel esizukulwane sesibili nesesithathu anikeza isithembiso sekusasa lamandla esimeme kakhudlwana.