Kokuningi amazwe asathuthuka, ukusetshenziswa kwe izinkuni, izinsalela zezitshalo, amalahle nabanye amafutha aqinile Kuvame kakhulu, kokubili ukupheka nokufudumeza.
Le mithombo yamandla, nakuba ifinyeleleka, iveza izingozi eziphawulekayo zempilo nezemvelo, ikakhulukazi uma isetshenziswa ezitofini zendabuko nezitofu ezingenawo umoya odingekayo kanye nezinto zokuhlunga.
Iqhaza le-biomass emazweni angathuthukile
I-biomass, ikakhulukazi izinkuni zokubasa kanye namalahle, isalokhu ingumthombo wamandla oyinhloko ezigidini zemizi empofu emhlabeni wonke, ngokusho kwe-FAO kanye ne-WHO izilinganiso. Ingxenye enkulu, lesi simo singenxa yokuthi amafutha avamile ezinto ezimbiwa phansi avimbela imindeni eminingi yasemaphandleni, okwenza i-biomass ibe inketho ethengekayo kakhulu.
Lokhu kusetshenziswa kabanzi kwe-biomass kuvame ukwenziwa ezimeni ezibucayi kakhulu, ngezitofu nezitofu ezinganikezi ithuba lokusha ngokuphelele. Lokhu kudala ukukhishwa kochungechunge lwezintuthwane ezinobuthi, okuhlanganisa carbon monoxide, benzene, formaldehyde kanye polyaromatic hydrocarbons, phakathi kwabanye. Lezi zinto ziyingozi kakhulu empilweni yalabo abahlala kulezi zindlu ezingenawo umoya ohlanzekile.
Ukwengeza, ngaphansi kwalezi zimo ezifanayo, i- umoya ompofu kanye nokuntuleka kwengqalasizinda eyanele ezindlini kungenza kube kubi ukunqwabelana kwezinto ezingcolisa umoya ongaphakathi endlini.
Izifo ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwe-biomass
Abantu abachayeka kulokhu kungcola basengozini enkulu yokuthola izifo eziningi, ikakhulukazi izifo zokuphefumula. Ngokocwaningo lwamuva nje, izingane ezincane zingelinye lamaqembu asengozini kakhulu, njengoba ukuchayeka isikhathi eside emikhiqizweni yokusha okungaphelele kungabangela izifo eziyingozi zokuphefumula, njengenyumoniya, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi izinkulungwane zezingane ziyafa unyaka ngamunye ngenxa yalokhu. . Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane, abaphethe ngokwesiko ukupheka, nabo bahlushwa umthelela omkhulu ngenxa yokuchayeka kwabo njalo.
Phakathi kwezifo eziyinhloko ezingahlotshaniswa ngokuqondile nokuchayeka okungapheli kuntuthu ye-biomass yilezi:
- Izifo zokuphefumula ezinzima: Ukuchayeka emazingeni aphezulu ezinhlayiya ezimisiwe, njengalezo ezikhiqizwe ukushiswa kwe-biomass, kutholakale ukuthi kwandisa kakhulu izehlakalo zezifo ezithinta ukuphefumula okunzima ezinganeni.
- i-bronchitis engapheli y i-emphysema: Zombili izifo zamaphaphu ezivimbelayo ezithinta amandla okuphefumula abantu abachayeka njalo ezintweni ezingcolisayo.
- Umdlavuza wamabele: Nakuba izifundo kule ndawo zisathuthuka, ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kuma-polyaromatic hydrocarbon namanye amakhemikhali akhona entuthuni kaphethiloli oqinile kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nengozi eyengeziwe yomdlavuza.
- izingozi ze-cerebrovascular y Isifo senhliziyo: Ukungcoliswa komoya wasekhaya nakho kunemiphumela yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, okwandisa ingozi isifo senhliziyo nemivimbo.
Ingozi ezinganeni
Emakhaya lapho kuphekwa khona ngezibaseli eziqinile noma nge-biomass, izingane ezincane yizo ezithinteka kakhulu. Ngokwe-WHO, ngaphezu kuka-50% wokufa okubangelwa inyumoniya ezinganeni ezineminyaka engaphansi kwemihlanu kuhlobene nokuchayeka ezinhlayiyeni ezinhle nokunye ukungcola okukhona emoyeni wasendlini.
Lokhu kungcola akugcini nje ngokuvutha imigudu yokuphefumula, kodwa futhi kunciphisa amandla amasosha omzimba okulwa nezifo. Izingane ezihlushwa izifo eziphindaphindiwe zisencane zingaba nezinkinga ezingapheli zokuphefumula eziyoqhubeka ukuphila kwazo konke.
Isikhathi eside: izifo ezingapheli kubantu abadala
Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kumafutha aqinile akuthinti kuphela izingane, kodwa futhi nabantu abadala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izifundo ze-Epidemiological ezenziwa emazweni asathuthuka njengeMexico, India kanye nezifunda zase-Afrika ziqophe izigameko eziphezulu zokuthi izifo ezingapheli ze-pulmonary obstructive (COPD) kwabesifazane abasebenzise izitofu ze-biomass amashumi eminyaka ngaphandle kokungena komoya owanele.
Ukwengeza, izinhlayiya ezingcolisa umoya ezindlini kutholakale ukuthi zithinta ngokuqondile isimiso senhliziyo, zandisa ingozi yokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo kanye nezinkinga ezihlobene nomfutho wegazi kwabesifazane abahlale bechayeka entuthukweni emakhaya abo.
Isixazululo: ezinye izindlela zobuchwepheshe kanye namakhishi athuthukisiwe
Naphezu kwezingozi ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwe-biomass, isalokhu ingenye yemithombo yamandla efinyeleleka kakhulu kubantu abampofu kakhulu emhlabeni. Ukhiye-ke awukona ukuqeda ukusetshenziswa kwe-biomass, kodwa ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngobuchwepheshe obuphephile.
Phakathi kwezinhlelo eziphawuleka kakhulu izinhlelo zasekhishini ezithuthukisiwe ezifuna ukunciphisa umthelela wentuthu endaweni yasendlini. Lamakhishi enzelwe ukuqinisekisa a ukuvutha okuphelele okwengeziwe futhi, ngokuvamile, ahlanganisa oshimula namahodi avumela ukuba kukhishwe intuthu ngaphandle kwekhaya. Iphinde igqamise ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha njengezitofu ze-Patsari e-Mexico, ezinciphise kakhulu ukuchayeka ezintweni ezingcolisa izindlu.
Ezinye izinketho ezisebenzayo ezithuthukiswayo zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwe biogas o i-liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), zombili zibhekwa njengezibaseli ezihlanzeke kakhulu kune-biomass futhi ezisiza nasekunciphiseni izingozi zokusha kwengozi okuhlobene nezitofu ezingajwayelekile.
Ukubaluleka kwemfundo nokuqaliswa kwenqubomgomo
Ukuze kubhekwane ngokuphumelelayo nezingozi zezempilo ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwe-biomass, kubalulekile ukuhlanganisa izixazululo zobuchwepheshe nezinhlelo zemfundo nezinqubomgomo zomphakathi. Emiphakathini yasemakhaya kanye neyabantu ebebenganakiwe, lapho ukusetshenziswa kwezinkuni namalahle kugxile kakhulu emasikweni nasesikweni, ukwethulwa kwezitofu nezinye izinto zokubasa kumele kuhambisane nemikhankaso yokufundisa echaza izinzuzo zesikhathi eside zezempilo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqubomgomo ezisiza ukufinyelela kumafutha ahlanzekile njenge-LPG noma i-biogas, noma ezikhuthaza ukusatshalaliswa kwezitofu ezithuthukisiwe ngezindleko ezithengekayo, zizobaluleka ukuze kuqinisekiswe umthelela omuhle nohlala njalo. Ngokusho kwe-WHO, ngo-2030 basazoba nabantu ababalelwa ku-2100 billion abapheka nge-biomass uma izinyathelo eziqinile zenqubomgomo zingamukelwa. Lokhu kugcizelela ukuphuthuma kokuthuthukisa lezi zinqubomgomo.
Ukufinyelela kubuchwepheshe obuphephile kanye nezibaseli ngeke nje kuthuthukise kakhulu impilo yomphakathi, kodwa futhi kuzoba nomthelela omkhulu ekulweni nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, ngokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-methane kanye ne-soot enomthelela ekufudumaleni komhlaba.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amakhaya emazweni ampofu angasebenzisa i-biomass ngokuphepha nangempumelelo kuzonciphisa izifo zokuphefumula, izifo ezinganeni kanye nezinkinga zenhliziyo, kube nesandla ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme kanye nokunciphisa ubumpofu bamandla.