Izitshalo zikagesi ngamanzi ziyizikhungo ezisebenzisa ithuba lokugeleza kwamanzi ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi. Lezi zitshalo zinqunyelwe imininingwane kanye nezici zezifunda zazo, ngoba isimo sendawo yomhlaba sibhekene nomsebenzi womphakathi kanye nokukhetha kwemishini. Kukhona ezahlukene izinhlobo zezitshalo zikagesi ngamanzi kuye ngendawo yayo, umthamo kanye nendlela yokukhiqiza amandla. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ngokujulile izinhlobo zezitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi, ukuthi zisebenza kanjani nokuthi yiziphi izinzuzo zazo.
Siyini isitshalo esiphehla ugesi ngamanzi?
Imboni yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi isikhungo esiklanyelwe ukukhiqiza ugesi emanzini agcinwe endaweni yokugcina amanzi. Inqubo yokukhiqiza iqala lapho amanzi, ekhishwa endaweni ephakeme kakhulu, edlula ku-turbine eguqula amandla angaba khona emanzini abe amandla emishini. La mandla emishini kamuva aguqulwa abe ugesi kusetshenziswa i-alternator.
Inhloso yesistimu yokuqoqa iwukwenza indawo eyehlelayo evumela ukuthi kusetshenziswe amandla anamandla aqoqiwe amanzi. Lapho amanzi edlula ku-turbine, ukunyakaza okujikelezayo kukhiqizwa okuvula i-alternator, ngaleyo ndlela kukhiqize ugesi.
Izitshalo zikagesi wamanzi zenziwe ngezinto ezimbalwa ezibalulekile:
- Idamu: Umsebenzi wawo ukugcina amanzi echibini. Kufaka ukuchichima ukukhulula amanzi amaningi ngaphandle kokulimala.
- I-Turbine: Baguqula amandla amanzi abe amandla kinetic.
- I-Alternator: Iguqula amandla e-kinetic abe ugesi.
- Amapayipi: Baqondisa ukugeleza kwamanzi ngasesitshalo.
- Amavalvu: Zilawula ukudlula kwamanzi ukugwema ukuchichima.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezitshalweni ezinkulu zamandla, kunezinqubo ezaziwa ngokuthi izibhubhisi zamandla, ezinesibopho sokuqeda amandla angaphezu kwamandla amanzi ukuze kugwenywe ukulimala kwesakhiwo kanye nendawo ezungezile.
Izinhlobo zezitshalo zikagesi ngamanzi
Izitshalo zikagesi ngamanzi zingahlukaniswa ngokwamandla azo kanye nendawo yezinsiza. Ngokuya ngenani lamandla abangawakhiqiza kanye namandla abo okugcina, singakhuluma ngezinhlobo ezilandelayo zezitshalo:
- Izitshalo ezinamandla kagesi ngamanzi: Ngomthamo omkhulu kuno-10 MW.
- Izitshalo ezincane zikagesi ngamanzi: Bakhiqiza phakathi kuka-1 MW no-10 MW.
- Izitshalo ezikhiqiza amandla kagesi amancane: Izitshalo zamandla ezinomthamo ongaphansi kwe-1 MW, ezisetshenziswa emiphakathini emincane noma ukuzisebenzisela.
Kukhona nezinye izigaba zezitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi, okusekelwe ikakhulukazi endaweni yazo kanye nendlela ezilawula ngayo ukuhamba kwamanzi. Lokhu kubandakanya:
- Ukugeleza okuqhubekayo: Lezi zitshalo azinawo amandla okugcina amanzi. Zigijima zisuka ngqo emfuleni, okusho ukuthi azisebenzi kahle ngesikhathi sesomiso.
- Indawo yokugcina amanzi noma indawo yokugcina amanzi: Basebenzisa amadamu ukugcina amanzi amaningi, okuvumela ukuhamba kwamanzi ukuthi kulawulwe futhi kulawuleke ukuphehla kukagesi.
- Phansi kwedamu: Akhiwe ngqo emfuleni noma echibini, lapho idamu lisebenza njengedamu lemvelo.
- Izitshalo ezimpompa noma ezihlehliswayo: Lezi zitshalo zigcina amanzi kuma-reservoirs asemazingeni ahlukene. Ngezikhathi zesidingo esiphansi, amanzi ampontshelwa endaweni yokugcina amanzi, futhi phakathi nesidingo esikhulu, ayakhululwa ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla engeziwe.
Ukusebenza kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo zikagesi ngamanzi
Ukusebenza kwesikhungo esiphehla ugesi ngamanzi kuyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo, nakuba zonke zilandela isimiso sokusebenzisa amandla aqukethwe emanzini ukuze kuphehlwe ugesi.
- Ukugeleza okuqhubekayo: Kulolu hlobo lwesitshalo, ingxenye yamanzi omfula iphambukiswa ngokungena emseleni noma ipayipi eliwaqondisa kuma-turbines. Uma ugesi usuphehliwe, amanzi abuyiselwa emfuleni.
- Indawo emaphakathi phansi kwedamu: Lolu hlobo lusebenzisa indawo yokugcina amanzi emfuleni noma echibini. Amanzi alawulwa ngamasango ukuze ajikeleze ama-turbines futhi akhiqize ugesi.
Izitshalo zikagesi ezimpompayo
Izitshalo zamandla ampontshiwe ziwuhlobo olukhethekile lwesitshalo esiphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Zisebenza njengebhethri elikhulu, zigcina amandla ngokumpompa amanzi echibini eliphansi aye kwephezulu ngezikhathi lapho kungekho mandla aphezulu bese ewadedela lawo manzi ukuze akhiqize ugesi phakathi nenani eliphakeme kakhulu.
Lolu hlelo luthuthukisa ukuphehlwa kukagesi futhi lwenza ukusetshenziswa kweminye imithombo yamandla kube lula. Ukwengeza, imijikelezo yokupompa nokukhulula iwusizo olubalulekile ekulinganiseni igridi yamandla kagesi.
Izinzuzo zamandla kagesi ngamanzi
Amandla kagesi wamanzi angumthombo wamandla ovuselelekayo, ohlanzekile futhi osebenza kahle, onezinzuzo ezimbalwa kuzo zombili izinga lamandla, imvelo nezomnotho:
- Okuvuselelekayo nokungangcolisi: Njengoba isebenzisa amanzi, umthombo ongokwemvelo novuselelekayo, ayikhiphi amagesi abamba ukushisa noma okunye ukungcola.
- Izindleko zokusebenza eziphansi: Nakuba ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala kuphezulu, izindleko zokusebenza nezokulungisa ziphansi, njengoba izinjini zomoya kanye nemishini inomsebenzi omude futhi idinga ukugadwa okuncane.
- Ukulawulwa kwemithombo yamanzi: Amadamu angakwazi ukulawula ukugeleza kwemifula, abe nomthelela ekuvikelweni kwezikhukhula, ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi okuphuza kanye nokunisela ngenkasa kwezolimo.
- Ukusebenza kahle kwamandla okuphezulu: Uma kuqhathaniswa nobunye ubuchwepheshe, ukuguqulwa kwamandla emanzini kusebenza kahle kakhulu, okuvumela amanani amakhulu kagesi ukuthi aphehlwe ngezinsiza ezimbalwa.
Ngaphandle kwalezi zinzuzo, izitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ziphinde zinikeze ezinye izinzuzo ezingeni lendawo, njengokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo nezindawo zokungcebeleka ezithuthukisa ezokuvakasha, futhi kwezinye izimo, ukuthuthukiswa kokuhamba kwemifula.
Kafushane, izitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ziyinketho encintisana kakhulu emkhakheni wamandla avuselelekayo ngenxa yekhono lazo lokukhiqiza amandla ngezindleko eziphansi, ukuguquguquka kwazo ukuhlangabezana nesidingo kanye nomthelela wazo ophansi uma ziphathwa ngendlela efanele.