ISpain ithuthukise amandla ayo kagesi ngamanzi iminyaka engaphezu kwe-100, ukudala uhlelo olusebenza kahle kakhulu lokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Amandla kagesi ngamanzi ahlala ewubuchwepheshe obuvuseleleke kakhulu ezweni, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yesimo sezulu esivumayo kanye nokuba khona kwamadamu amaningi, avumela ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi ngendlela efanele.
Amandla kagesi wamanzi: Izinhlobo zezitshalo
Ukuxhashazwa kukagesi ngamanzi eSpain kwenziwa ngezinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu zezitshalo:
- Izitshalo zokugijima komfula: Babamba ingxenye yokugeleza komfula, bawuphephule, bese bebuyisela amanzi osebeni lomfula. Lezi zitshalo zinamandla aphansi, ngokuvamile afinyelela ku-5 MW, futhi zenza i-75% yemakethe yaseSpain. Iqembu elincane lalezi “izitshalo zomsele wokunisela”, ezisizakala ngokungalingani emiseleni yokuchelela ukuze ziphehle ugesi.
- Izitshalo zamandla onyawo lwedamu: Basebenzisa imithombo yamanzi ngokusebenzisa amadamu avumela ukugeleza kokulawulwa. Lezi zitshalo zivame ukuba namandla aphezulu, angaphezu kuka-5 MW, futhi zimele ama-20% ezimakethe. Ngaphakathi kwalesi sigaba, izitshalo ezimpompayo noma ezihlehliswayo ziyagqama, okuthi ngaphezu kokukhiqiza amandla ngemodi ye-turbine, zingampompa amanzi ezindaweni ezigcina amanzi ukuze ziwagcine futhi ziwasebenzise ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
E-Spain, kukhona inani eliphelele le-reservoir 55.000 hm³, cishe amaphesenti angu-40 enzelwe ukukhiqiza ugesi ngamanzi, ingxenye ebalulekile ezingeni laseYurophu nelomhlaba wonke. Izitshalo ezinkulu zibalulekile ekulinganiseni kwamandla ezwe, ikakhulukazi ukunxephezela ukuphumula kweminye imithombo evuselelekayo njengomoya nelanga.
Ukukhuphuka nokuncipha kwamandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi eSpain
Ngokomlando, amandla kagesi aphehlwa ngamanzi abe yisisekelo ekuthuthukisweni kwamandla eSpain. Phakathi nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu lama-90, ikakhulukazi ngeminyaka yawo-XNUMX, ngaphezu kuka-XNUMX% kagesi okhiqizwayo wawuvela ku-hydraulic. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhlukahluka kwengxube yamandla kanye nokufakwa kwamanye amandla avuselelekayo, ukubamba iqhaza kogesi ophehlwa ngamanzi kwehlile.
Ngonyaka wezi-2014, amandla kagesi aphehlwa ngamanzi abe negalelo elingama-15,5% okukhiqizwa kukagesi okuphelele, okukhiqizwe ngama-GWh angama-35.860, okusho ukuba ngcono ngo-5,6% uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule. Naphezu kwalokhu kuqhuma, yedlulwa obunye ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-nuclear (22%) nomoya (20,3%).
Namuhla, iSpain inomthamo ofakiwe we I-17.792 MW kumandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi, amele u-19,5% wesamba sikazwelonke. Imiphakathi ezimele enomthamo omkhulu ofakiwe yile I-Catalonia, i-Galicia ne-Castilla y León, ngenxa yobuningi bemithombo yamanzi.
Umthamo kagesi ngamanzi kulindeleke ukuthi uqhubeke nokukhula, ngenani eliphakathi nendawo eliphakathi kwama-40 kuya ku-60 MW ngonyaka. Lokhu kuzovumela ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ukuthi uqhubeke nokudlala indima efanele ekushintsheni ukuya ohlelweni lwamandla oluzinzile.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamandla ka-hydroelectric eSpain
Amandla kagesi wamanzi ayewumthombo oyinhloko kagesi eSpain ingxenye enkulu yekhulu lama-20. Eminyakeni engamashumi amane, ngaphezu kwalokho 92% wamandla umsuka ovuselelekayo okhiqizwe ezweni uvela ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi. Lokhu kubusa kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba yilapho kwethulwa ama-hydrocarbon namandla enuzi.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubuchwepheshe obuphehla ugesi ngamanzi buye baphelela. Ngo-1881, isitshalo sokuqala sikagesi wamanzi sakhiwa e-Barcelona, okuphawula ukuqala kwenkathi yokuqamba okusha ekuphehleni ugesi. Njengoba kwakhiwa ubuchwepheshe obusha, obunjengokushintshana kwamandla, amandla okuthutha ugesi ezindaweni ezikude athuthuke kakhulu, okwenza ugesi wamanzi waba yindlela esebenzayo nencintisanayo ezweni lonke.
Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, ukwakhiwa kwamadamu amakhulu, njengaleyo engaphakathi I-Aldeadávila eMfuleni i-Duero noma endaweni yokugcina amanzi e-Alcántara e-Tagus, kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlinzeka ingxenye enkulu yesidingo sikagesi wezwe, kwaba yizicucu eziyinhloko zesistimu yamandla kokubili amandla okukhiqiza kanye nendima yawo ekulawuleni ukugeleza.
Eminyakeni yakamuva ibone ukwehla okuhlobene ekukhiqizeni kukagesi ngamanzi uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amandla avuselelekayo. Kodwa-ke, ukubaluleka kwayo kwamasu kanye nekhono layo lokusebenza ngokuhambisana nomoya namandla elanga kuyigcina iphakathi nendawo yokushintsha kwamandla.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe kanye namandla omkhakha ophehlwa ngamanzi
Ukwenziwa kwesimanjemanje kwezitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi kube yisici esibalulekile sokuthi la mandla ahlale ewukhetho lokuncintisana phakathi kwemakethe kagesi. I ukuvuselelwa kanye nokwenza ngcono zezikhungo ezikhona zenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kwazo, ngaphezu kokunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza nokugcinwa kwazo.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ama-hydraulic microturbines akhiwe ngamandla aphansi kunalawo 10 kW, okwenze ukuthi ugesi ulethwe ezindaweni ezingazodwa ngaphandle kwesidingo sengqalasizinda enkulu. Lawa ma-microturbines asebenzisa amandla e-kinetic emifula ukuze akhiqize ugesi njalo nangezindleko eziphansi.
La i-hydraulic encane Iphinde yazuza amandla ezikhathini zamuva nje. Lezi zinhlobo zezitshalo, ezinamandla angaphansi kuka-10 MW, zinomthelela oncishisiwe kwemvelo futhi zingafakwa emifuleni emincane ngaphandle kwesidingo samadamu amakhulu. Lokhu sekuvule umnyango wamathuba amasha okukhiqiza amandla ezindaweni zasemakhaya noma ezindaweni okunzima ukuzifinyelela.
Namuhla, iSpain inezitshalo zikagesi eziphehla ugesi ezingaba ngu-800, eziningi zazo ezincane ezisatshalaliswa kuyo yonke indawo. Futhi nakuba izitshalo ezinkulu, ezifana ne-Adeadávila noma i-Alcántara, zimelela u-50% wezwe eliphelele lamandla kagesi wamanzi, izikhungo ezincane ziyaqhubeka ziyingxenye eyisisekelo yohlelo lokusebenzisa izinsiza ngezinga elincane.
Ikusasa lalo mkhakha libandakanya ukuqhubeka nokulungisa ingqalasizinda ekhona kanye nokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi, ukuqinisekiswa kokusimama nokusebenza kahle kwamandla. Ngokulawulwa okwanele nokusekelwa ezingeni likahulumeni, ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi kulindeleke ukuthi uqhubeke nokuba yingxenye ebalulekile yengxube yezamandla yaseSpain emashumini eminyaka ezayo, ubambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekulweni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Amandla kagesi ayingxenye ebalulekile yesiko lamandla eSpain. Nakuba ukugqama kwayo kwehlile ngokukhula kwamanye amandla avuselelekayo, isaqhubeka nokuba yinsika yomkhakha kagesi, ngenxa yamandla ayo okukhiqiza amandla ahlanzekile kanye nendima yawo yokusimamisa ohlelweni lukagesi lukazwelonke.