Namuhla sizokhuluma ngamanye amandla avuselelekayo ngokujulile. Imayelana ne amandla wokubacindezela. Kodwa ngeke sikhulume ngakho ngokwayo, kodwa mayelana ugesi wokubacindezela lapho ikhiqizwa futhi yenziwa khona. Isitshalo se-hydroelectric sibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni amandla avuselelekayo avela kwizinqolobane zamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inokunye ukusetshenziswa okuningi nezinzuzo zabantu.
Kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngazo zonke izinzuzo, ukungalungi nokusebenza kwezitshalo ze-hydraulic, ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezahlukene ezikhona. Uyafuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngayo? Qhubeka ufunda.
Siyini isitshalo sokuphehla ugesi
Uma siqala isitshalo esisebenza ngamanzi, esithemba ukuthi sizokuzuza ukukhiqiza amandla emanzini agcinwe kuma-reservoirs. Into yokuqala eyenziwe ukukhiqiza amandla mechanical bese siguqule sibe amandla kagesi.
Uhlelo lokuqoqa amanzi luklanyelwe ukudala umehluko ezingeni elibangela ukunqwabelana kwamandla anamandla. La manzi avunyelwe ukuba awe, esebenzisa amandla adonsela phansi, ukuze athole amandla ngomehluko wobude. Amanzi adlula ku-turbine, ekhiqiza ukunyakaza okujikelezayo oshayela i-alternator futhi iguqule amandla emishini abe amandla kagesi.
Le nqubo ikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise amandla agcinwe emanzini ukuze uwaguqule abe ugesi ngendlela efanele.
Izinzuzo zesitshalo se-hydroelectric
Izitshalo ze-hydraulic zinikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu kokubili ezingeni lamandla kanye nomphakathi uwonke. Okulandelayo, sihlaziya izinzuzo zayo eziyinhloko:
- Kungamandla avuselelekayo. Amanzi, nakuba engenamkhawulo, awumthombo ongagcwaliswa ngenxa yomjikelezo we-hydrological, ovumela ukusetshenziswa kwawo njengomthombo wamandla ukuthi kuqhubeke isikhathi eside.
- Amandla ahlanzekile. Amandla kagesi awakhiqizi isisi esibamba ukushisa noma okunye ukungcola lapho kukhiqizwa ugesi.
- Ngaphezu kokukhiqiza ugesi, izitshalo zikagesi ngamanzi zisiza e ukuvikelwa kwezikhukhula, ukuchelela, ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi kanye nokugqugquzela ezokuvakasha kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindawo zokungcebeleka ezizungeze amadamu.
- Izindleko eziphansi zokusebenza nezokulungisa. Uma ingqalasizinda seyakhiwe, izindleko zokusebenza ziphansi, futhi izinjini zomoya zisebenza kahle futhi kulula ukuzisebenzisa.
- Impilo ende ewusizo. Imisebenzi yengqalasizinda yeHydraulic ivamise ukuba nempilo ende ewusizo, eqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside.
- Ukuphepha nokusebenza kahle. Ama-turbines asetshenziswa kulezi zinhlelo aphephile ukusebenza futhi avumela ukuqalisa nokuvala ngokushesha.
- Kudingeka ukuqapha okuncane. Izitshalo ezisebenza ngama-hydraulic, uma sezizenzekele, zidinga ukugadwa okuncane kwabasebenza.
Konke lokhu kwenza amandla kagesi abe yinketho yokuncintisana kakhulu emkhakheni wamandla, ngenxa yokusimama kwawo kanye nezindleko zawo eziphansi uma esesebenza.
Okubi kwezitshalo ze-hydroelectric
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zazo eziningi, izitshalo zamandla we-hydraulic nazo zinezinkinga ezithile ezibalulekile okufanele zibhekwe:
- Badinga indawo enkulu yomhlaba. Kudingeka abekwe ezindaweni ezinezici ezithile zemvelo, njengemifula egeleza kakhulu kanye nemithambeka emikhulu.
- Izindleko zokwakha eziphezulu. Ukwakhiwa kwesikhungo sokuphehla ugesi nge-hydraulic kubandakanya ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kokuqala kwingqalasizinda.
- El isikhathi sokwakha Yinde uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo zikagesi.
- Ukuncika kwemvula. Inani likagesi okhiqizwayo lincike ngqo kwiphethini yemvula, engabangela ukushintshashintsha ekukhiqizeni.
- Umthelela wendawo. Ukwakhiwa kwamadamu kungashintsha i-ecosystem yomfula futhi kuthinte nezilwane nezitshalo zendawo.
Ngakho-ke, lapho uklama isikhungo samandla kagesi, kubalulekile ukukhetha indawo kahle ukuze unciphise lokhu kuphazamiseka. Izindawo ezinemvula eningi zivumela ukusetshenziswa kangcono kwemithombo yamanzi, okuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa okuzinzile unyaka wonke.
Izinhlobo zezitshalo zamandla wokubacindezela
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo ezisebenza ngogesi ezihlukaniswa ngendlela ezisebenza ngayo kanye namandla azo okugcina amanzi.
Isitshalo se-Run-of-the-river hydraulic
Lolu hlobo lwesitshalo alugcini amanzi amaningi, kodwa kunalokho sebenzisa ngokunenzuzo ukugeleza komfula ngesikhathi sangempela. Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kuyehluka kuye ngezimo zokugeleza kwemifula, okuvimbela ukumosheka kwamanzi.
Isitshalo se-Hydroelectric esinendawo yokugcina amanzi
Lezi zitshalo zivumela amanzi ukuthi agcinwe endaweni yokugcina amanzi, okuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okuqhubekayo unyaka wonke. Lesi sitoreji sinikeza inzuzo enkulu ngaphezu kwezinhlelo zokugijima komfula, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zesomiso.
Isiteshi sokumpompa amanzi
Lolu hlobo lwesitshalo lusebenzisa amadamu amabili atholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme ezihlukene. Ngezikhathi zokudingeka kakhulu, amanzi awela echibini eliphezulu, anyakaze ama-turbines. Uma isidingo siphansi, amanzi ampontshelwa abuyiselwe endaweni yokugcina amanzi kusetshenziswa amandla engeziwe, ngaleyo ndlela avumele amanzi ukuthi aphinde asetshenziswe futhi ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kuhambisane nezidingo zenethiwekhi.
Ukusebenza kwemboni yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi
Inqubo yokukhiqiza amandla embonini ephehla ugesi ngamanzi iqala ngamanzi agcinwe kumadamu. Lokhu amandla angaba khona Iguqulwa ibe amandla e-kinetic lapho amanzi ewela ngamapayipi aqondisa ukugeleza kuma-turbines.
Uma amanzi edlula kuma-turbines, amandla e-kinetic emanzini aguqulwa abe amandla emishini, futhi ngokusebenzisa i-alternator aguqulwa abe amandla kagesi. Ekugcineni, amanzi asevele edlulile kuma-turbines abuyiselwa emfuleni ukuze aqhubeke nendlela yawo evamile.
Le nqubo, ngaphezu kokusebenza kahle, ingenye yezindlela ezinzile futhi ezibikezelwayo zokukhiqiza ugesi, inqobo nje uma izimo zamanzi zivuma.
Umthelela wemvelo wezitshalo ezinama-hydraulic
Izitshalo zamandla kagesi zithathwa njengomthombo amandla ahlanzekile, njengoba zingakhiqizi igesi ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukunaka umthelela wemvelo ezingawudala, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwamadamu kanye nokushintshwa kwemifula.
Eminye yemithelela ebaluleke kakhulu ihlanganisa ukuguqulwa kwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, umthelela ekufudukeni kwezinhlanzi kanye nokuguqulwa kwenhlabathi nemisoco ethuthwa umfula ngokwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakhiwa kwamadamu amakhulu kungathinta isimo sezulu sendawo ngokushintsha ukuhwamuka kanye ne-microclimate yendawo.
Kodwa-ke, iningi lale mithelela lingancishiswa ngokuklama okufanele kanye nokuqaliswa kwezinyathelo zokulungisa.
Ukufakwa kwe-hydraulic nakho kunethuba lokuhlanganisa nobunye ubuchwepheshe obufana namaphaneli elanga, okuvumela ukuhlalisana kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamandla avuselelekayo endaweni efanayo.
Izitshalo zikagesi osebenza ngamanzi zibonise ukuthi ziyinsika eyisisekelo ekukhiqizeni amandla ahlanzekile navuselelekayo, anempilo ende ewusizo namandla amakhulu okuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi aguquke ngokuvumelana nezidingo zesikhathi esizayo. Nakuba izindleko zabo zakuqala ziphezulu, izindleko zabo zokunakekela eziphansi kanye nokuzinza zibenza bangakwazi ukufaka isandla ekusaseni lamandla elizinzile.