Umkhakha wamandla avuselelekayo eSpain sisendleleni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo njalo, eqhutshwa hhayi kuphela isidingo sokubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kodwa futhi nezingcindezi zokulawula nezomnotho. Eminyakeni yakamuva, imithethonqubo nezinqubomgomo zibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekuchazeni imingcele yenzuzo yezitshalo zamandla avuselelekayo. Lezi zinqubomgomo, nakuba zikhuthaze kakhulu ukutshalwa kwezimali, nazo zenze ukungaqiniseki ngezinye izikhathi, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa ukubuyekezwa kwenzuzo yamandla avuselelekayo ka-2020.
Isingeniso semithethonqubo yokwenza inzuzo yamandla avuselelekayo
Selokhu kwaqaliswa ukuguqulwa kukagesi ngungqongqoshe wangaphambili u-José Manuel Soria ngesikhathi sokulawula sika-2014-2019, uhulumeni ubelokhu eqinile esinqumweni sakhe sokulungisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi 'inzuzo ezwakalayo' yezimboni zamandla avuselelekayo. Ngokufika kuka-2020, ukubuyekezwa kwemingcele ebekwe phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwaba yinto engenakugwemeka, okuletha ukuqagela nokukhathazeka okuhlukahlukene ohlangothini lwezinhlangano nezinkampani ezikulo mkhakha. Izici ezibucayi kakhulu zalolu hlaka lokulawula yilezo ezixhumanisa inzuzo nebhondi yombuso yeminyaka eyi-10 kanye namaphoyinti angu-300, okuholele enzuzweni engu-7,38% ngo-2014.
Ngalo mqondo, ekupheleni konyaka ka-2019, umnyombo wokukhokhelwa kwezitshalo ezivuselelekayo wawuzungeza ekubuyekezweni kwenani lebhondi ebusayo phakathi nezinyanga ezingama-24 ngaphambi kukaMeyi 2019. Kodwa-ke, uhulumeni wayesekubeke kwacaca ukuthi bekukhona bebengenanhloso yokuguqula amaphuzu amathathu esisekelo engeziwe abethathwe njengesisekelo sokuqinisekisa leyo nzuzo, okuvule umnyango wokwehliswa okubonakalayo kuwo. Lesi sinqumo sibeka umkhakha osuvele ulahlekelwe kakhulu eminyakeni edlule, odale ukungaqiniseki okukhulu kubatshalizimali, esimweni esibucayi.
Ukuvela kwezindinganiso zokulawula
Imithethonqubo, kusukela ngo-2013, ehlobene ngqo nenkokhelo yezitshalo wamandla avuselelekayo nge-Spanish sovereign bond kanye namaphoyinti angu-300. Le modeli yayiklanyelwe ukunikeza ukuzinza okuhlobene enzuzweni yesikhathi eside, kodwa ukwehla okuphawulekayo kwamazinga enzalo yebhondi yaseSpain kusukela ngo-2014 (okusuka ku-2% ngo-2014 kuya ku-1,3% eminyakeni yamuva) kuye kwafiphaza amathemba abatshalizimali abaningi abathi, namuhla, bhekana nokulindela ikusasa elinembuyiselo ephansi.
Ngaphandle kokuphikisa kwabalingisi abehlukene kulo mkhakha, konke kukhombisile ukuthi iSigungu Esiphezulu sizokwenza lokhu kubuyekezwa. Ngesibopho esizimele esingaphansi kuka-2%, inzuzo yezinto ezivuselelekayo ingase yehle ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwamabili uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho okwanikezwa ngo-2014, okubeka izinkampani nabatshalizimali ababesekelwe ukuhlela kwabo kwezezimali kumapharamitha amaningi esimweni esivumayo.
Naphezu kwezicelo zabaqashi zokuthi baguqule lo mongo wokulawula, uMnyango Wezamandla usamile uqinile endaweni yawo, obikezela ukwehliswa okusha okuzonciphisa ngokungenakugwenywa imingcele yenzuzo yezitshalo ezivuselelekayo kusukela ngo-2020.
Umthelela emkhakheni: ukuntuleka kwenzuzo kanye nemiphumela yayo yezezimali
Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ezibhekene nezinkampani zamandla avuselelekayo eSpain ukuncika ekuncipheni kokulawula okuthi, njengoba kungahambisani nohlelo olucacile loguquko, kuthinte abatshalizimali ngokulinganayo. Ezinkampanini eziningi, ukulindela inzuzo enengqondo sekuyinto engenakwenzeka, engase ikhiqize izinkinga ezinkulu zezezimali. Ngokwezilinganiso zochwepheshe bezezimali, uma ukuncipha kwesivuno sesibopho sobukhosi kuqinisekiswa, imikhakha ye-photovoltaic, umoya kanye ne-solar thermal, phakathi kwabanye, ingabhekana nokungaqiniseki kwezezimali, okubeka engozini ukuxhaswa kwezimali zesikhathi eside.
Lesi simo sibhebhethekiswa ukuthi izitshalo eziningi ezakhiwa ngaphambi kuka-2010 zincike, cishe ngokukhethekile, kule nzuzo exhunywe kumabhondi azimele. Ngakho-ke, uma kungekho ukulungiswa emithethweni, lezi zitshalo zingabona ukusebenza kwazo kusengozini enkulu. Izinhlangano ezivuselelekayo zigqamisa ukuthi uma inzuzo iwela ngaphansi kwemikhawulo ethile, ezinye zalezi zikhungo ngeke zikwazi ukuqhubeka nokusebenza ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezomnotho.
Inzuzo yezinto ezivuselelekayo: okwedlule, okwamanje kanye nekusasa
Kuze kube manje, inzuzo yezinto ezivuselelekayo eSpain ibiguquguquka, ikakhulukazi incike kuzinqubomgomo nezinqumo zikahulumeni. Ngo-2013, uhulumeni waseSpain ichaze imodeli ethile yenzuzo okungenzeka ukuthi, ngokusho kocwaningo oluthile, ayizange ihambisane ngokuphelele nokulindelwe. Njengoba iminyaka iqhubeka kanye nezimo zemakethe zishintsha, izinkampani zamandla avuselelekayo eSpain kuye kwadingeka zibhekane nezinselele eziningi, zihlale zizivumelanisa nezinqubomgomo zikahulumeni kanye nokuguquguquka kwezimakethe.
Phakathi kuka-2014 no-2019, Inzalo kubhondi yombuso yaseSpain yehle kakhulu ngenxa, ingxenye enkulu, yezinqubomgomo zezomnotho zokugqugquzela nokuthengwa kwezikweletu yi-ECB. Ngenxa yalezi zinqubomgomo, izinga lenzalo lehla lisuka ku-4% laya emazingeni asondele ku-1,3%, okube nomthelela ngqo kwinzuzo yesikhathi esizayo yezitshalo zamandla avuselelekayo ezixhaswa ngezimali ngalolu hlobo lwemihlomulo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguqulwa okwenziwe yi-Soria kube esinye isici esibalulekile ekuguquleni umkhakha wamandla waseSpain. Nakuba inhloso yalo mgomo bekuwukuqeda amaphrimiyamu amaphrojekthi avuselelekayo nokuheha ukutshalwa kwezimali okusha ngezinye izindlela, umphumela awulingani kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezitshalweni ezindala, ezingenazo izindlela ezidingekayo zokuvumelana nezimo zemakethe entsha.
Ikusasa lenzuzo eSpain ngemuva kwezinguquko zokulawula
Kusukela ngo-2020, ukuncipha kwenzuzo yamandla avuselelekayo kulindeleke ukuthi kube nomthelela omkhulu embonini, okuzothinta cishe ama-megawatts angama-20.000 womthamo ofakiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuntuleka kokuguqulwa emithethweni kusho lokho utshalomali lwangaphambilini, njengalezo ezenziwe ngaphambi kuka-2010, zilahlekelwa amandla abo kwezomnotho uma ziqhubeka nokuxhunyaniswa nezimo zesibopho esizimele ngaphambi kuka-2020. Ngenxa yalokho, kungenzeka ukubona kusengaphambili igagasi lamacala kanye nezikhalazo ngabatshalizimali bamazwe ngamazwe abazobona izintshisekelo zabo. kuncishiswe yilokhu kusikeka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhakha efana ne-photovoltaics noma amandla omoya ingase ingakwazi ukumelana nokusikeka okukhulu kwesinxephezelo sayo ngaphandle kokuhlupheka kwamamodeli abo ebhizinisi. Ezinye izitshalo, ngokwezibalo zasebhange, angagcina “ekuqoqweni” njengoba kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunama-euro angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-40.000 azibophezele kulolu hlobo lokutshalwa kwezimali. Ochwepheshe bomkhakha bagcizelela ukuthi ukungaqiniseki okudalwe yilokhu kuncishiswa kungaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu zezezimali ezithinta ngqo abatshalizimali kanye nezinhlelo zokukhula komkhakha ovuselelekayo eSpain.
Kusho ukuthini ngempela ukuqulwa kwamacala abhekiswe kuhulumeni waseSpain?
Lesi simo esisha asigcini nje ngokubeka izinselelo zomnotho, kodwa futhi nezepolitiki. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene, abatshalizimali kanye nezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ziye zagxeka uhulumeni waseSpain ngokunciphisa amaphrimiyamu ahlobene namandla aluhlaza. Elakamuva kakhulu kulawa macala kube yi-ICSID (International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes), eyalahla iSpain ngalokhu kuncipha okuqhubekayo nokuphindaphindiwe. Lesi simo sishiya izwe lisesimweni esibucayi, njengoba abatshalizimali bengase baye enkantolo futhi uma okulindelwe mayelana nenzuzo yesikhathi esizayo yezinto ezivuselelekayo kungalungiswa.
Uma kubhekwa lesi simo, abanye abameli boMbuso baye batusa ukuthi kungabeki ukuncishiswa okwengeziwe kwenzuzo, kuyilapho ezinye izigaba zikahulumeni, ikakhulukazi uMnyango Wezamandla, zivikela lesi sinyathelo njengesibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe isabelomali sonyaka. Kodwa-ke, uma uhulumeni enquma ukuqhubeka nalo mgomo, kulindeleke igagasi elisha lokuqulwa kwamacala yizinkampani ezithintekayo, okungase kubeke engcupheni ukuzinza komkhakha.
Ngamafuphi, ukuncishiswa kwenzuzo ngo-2020 kugqamisa ubunzima obukhona bokusebenzisa izinqubomgomo zamandla esimeme nezisebenza ngokwezimali. Ngenkathi kwezinye izifunda zomhlaba intuthuko emandleni ahlanzekile futhi inkokhelo yawo ikwazile ukusuka, eSpain izithiyo zokulawula ziyaqhubeka. Uma ibhalansi eyanele ingatholakali phakathi kokusimama kwezezimali kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla, singase sibhekane nesimo sokuphindaphinda izinkinga zango-2013 emkhakheni ovuselelekayo.
Uma sibheka phambili eminyakeni ezayo, ukufuna izixazululo zezinkinga zenzuzo kumandla avuselelekayo kuzobaluleka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusimama kokuthuthukiswa kwemithombo yamandla ahlanzekile eSpain.