Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi kungumphumela oqondile wemisebenzi yabantu okucekela phansi amahlathi kanye namahlathi oMhlaba ngendlela enkulu. Umonakalo odalwa yilokhu mkhulu kakhulu ezingeni lendawo, lesifunda kanye neplanethi.
Namuhla, amahlathi namahlathi emhlabeni jikelele Basamboza ama-30% omhlaba wonke. Kodwa-ke, izindawo ezinkulu ezilingana nePanama ziyalahleka unyaka nonyaka ngenxa yokugawulwa kwezigidi zamahektha. Yiziphi izimbangela nemiphumela yalokhu kugawulwa kwamahlathi?
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi namahlathi emhlabeni jikelele
Abantu badinga ukuthatha indawo ukuze benze imisebenzi yabo yezomnotho, njengezindawo zokuhlala, izimboni, ukuhlola ezolimo, phakathi kokunye. Unyaka nonyaka, izigidi zamahektha zisusiwe ukushintsha ukusetshenziswa komhlaba kanye nokukhipha izinkuni ezibalulekile zokwenziwa kwemikhiqizo, njengefenisha nephepha. Lesi sivinini sokugawulwa kwamahlathi sishesha kangangokuthi, uma siqhubeka, amahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo namahlathi emvula kungashabalala ngokuphelele phakathi neminyaka eyikhulu ezayo.
Ngaphezu kokuthola iphepha, ukugawula izihlahla kunezinye izizathu eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, isidingo somhlaba wezitshalo nemfuyo sikhule ngokushesha. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi emazweni afana neBrazil, lapho izindawo ezinkulu ze-Amazon zisuswa khona ukuze kukhiqizwe isoyi nenyama. Abalimi baphinde bathembele ekugawuleni imithi ukuze bondle imindeni yabo, besebenzisa izindlela ezinjengalezi ukulima ukuziphilisa noma uhlelo lwe-slash and burn.
Omunye umthombo obalulekile wengcindezi emahlathini ukugawulwa kwemithi emikhulu yezentengiselwano. Lo mkhakha uhlinzeka ngemikhiqizo yemakethe yomhlaba wonke yephepha ne-wood pulp. Nokho, lo mkhuba unembangela yokucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi amaningi minyaka yonke. Okubi nakakhulu imisebenzi yokugawulwa kwemithi ngokungemthetho, evame ukudala umthelela omkhulu ku-ecosystem yasendaweni, ethinta kokubili izitshalo nezilwane.
Izinsizakalo ezinikezwa ngamahlathi namahlathi
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi akuthinti nje kuphela izimiso zemvelo zendawo. Lapho amahlathi esuswa ukuze kwenziwe ezolimo noma ukuthuthela emadolobheni, amandla oMhlaba okulawula isimo sezulu kanye nokwakheka kwawo kwamakhemikhali nawo ancipha kakhulu. Izihlahla zidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni umoya-mpilo, njengoba zimunca isikhutha (CO2) phakathi ne-photosynthesis.
Namuhla, ososayensi bacwaninga izindlela zokuthwebula nokugcina i-CO2 ukuze kuliwe nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kodwa indlela ephumelela kakhulu isikhona kakade endalweni: amahlathi ethu namahlathi. Ngaphezu kokulawula isimo sezulu, izihlahla zibuye zibe nezindawo zokuhlala zezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kusukela ezilwaneni ezincelisayo kuye ezinambuzaneni. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kucekela phansi lezi zindawo zokuhlala, kuhlukanise imvelo yonke futhi kuphazamise inethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yezinto eziphilayo.
Enye inkonzo ebalulekile ehlinzekwa ngamahlathi yile umjikelezo we-hydrological. Izihlahla zimunca amanzi ezimpandeni zazo futhi ziwakhiphele emkhathini ngokuphefumula. Lo mjikelezo usiza ukugcina umswakama ubhalansi futhi ulawule ukuna kwemvula, ugweme izikhukhula kanye nesomiso esibi kakhulu. Ukususwa kwamahlathi akuthinti nje kuphela ukutholakala kwamanzi ahlanzekile, kodwa futhi kusheshisa ukulahlekelwa inhlabathi evundile. Ngaphandle kokuvikelwa kwezihlahla, inhlabathi iba sengozini yokuguguleka futhi ilahlekelwe imisoco ebalulekile.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamahlathi kanye nombuso wemvula
Omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yezihlahla ukuphefumula, inqubo lapho amanzi amaningi enyakaza esuka emhlabathini eya emkhathini ngokusebenzisa amaqabunga ezihlahla. Lo mjikelezo ubalulekile ukuze imvula ina, njengoba umhwamuko wamanzi ujiya wenze amafu abe esekhipha imvula. Ngaphandle kokumboza uhlaza okunikezwa amahlathi, umbuso wokuna kwemvula uthinteka kakhulu.
Lapho imvula iyancipha, imiphumela yezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nezolimo iba inhlekelele. Izifunda ezingenawo izihlahla zisengozini yokuba izingwadule, njengoba inhlabathi ilahlekelwa amandla ayo okugcina amanzi. Ukuphenduka ugwadule akuthinti kuphela izitshalo nezilwane zendawo, kodwa futhi kufaka imiphakathi yabantu engozini ngokunciphisa ukutholakala kwamanzi okuphuza.
Izimbangela eziyinhloko zokuqothulwa kwamahlathi
Izimbangela zokugawulwa kwamahlathi ziyehluka kakhulu phakathi kwezifunda, kodwa izici eziyinhloko ziyi ukwanda kwezolimo, imfuyo, ukugawulwa kwemithi nemililo. Ezindaweni eziningi, abalimi bagawula amahlathi ukuze bakhe indawo yezitshalo noma amadlelo emfuyo. Ukwenyuka kwesidingo samafutha esundu, ubhontshisi wesoya nenyama yenkomo kuholele ekucekeleni phansi kwenqwaba yamahlathi emvula eLatin America, Southeast Asia nase-Afrika.
Ushintsho ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba kwezolimo nalo lususa izinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Imililo yamahlathi, ngokuvamile ehloselwe ukususa umhlaba, ingesinye isizathu esibalulekile futhi ezimweni eziningi siyaphunyuka ekulawuleni, okubhebhethekiswa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nezikhathi zesomiso ezinde. Le mililo ayigcini nje ngokubhubhisa izitshalo, kodwa iphinde ibe negalelo elikhulu ekukhishweni kwe-CO2.
Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi e-Amazon
I-Amazon basin, eyaziwa ngokuthi iphaphu leplanethi, ihlale isongelwa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi. Lesi sifunda esikhulu, esihlala cishe amaphesenti ayishumi ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, siye sacekelwa phansi kakhulu ukuze kuvuleke imfuyo kanye nokuxhashazwa kwezolimo.
IBrazil, izwe elikhulu kunawo wonke eNingizimu Melika, nayo iyimbangela eyinhloko yokugawulwa kwamahlathi esifundeni. Ukulima okubanzi kwemfuyo kanye nokutshalwa kwesoya yizona ezihamba phambili zokugawulwa kwemithi e-Amazon. Izimila ezishisayo emhlabeni wonke zicupha okungaphezu kwalokho 200,000 million amathani ekhabhoni ngonyaka. Kodwa-ke, ukucekelwa phansi kwalezi zimiso zemvelo kusho inani elikhulu lekhabhoni elibuyela emkhathini, libe nesandla ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni.
Ukuqedwa kwamahlathi eSpain?
ESpain, kuye kwaba nokwanda ezindaweni ezinamahlathi emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Ngokungafani nezinye izifunda zomhlaba, ISpain iye yanda ihlathi layo ngama-20% kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule. Lokhu kungenxa, ngokwengxenye, ukuncipha kwengcindezi yezolimo, njengoba iYurophu isiqalile ukungenisa ingxenye enkulu yokudla kwayo.
Nakuba lokhu kwanda endaweni yamahlathi kuwuphawu oluhle, akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi amahlathi anothile ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi amahlathi atshalwe ukuze kutshalwe kabusha amahlathi ngokuvamile awanazo izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo futhi anenani eliphansi lokuzijabulisa.
Imiphumela yokugawulwa kwamahlathi
Imiphumela yokugawulwa kwamahlathi ilimaza umhlaba wonke. Ukulahleka kwamahlathi kwandisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa, kuqinisa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunomthelela ekulahlekeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Njengoba izindawo zezilwane nezitshalo zishabalala, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zibhekene nokushabalala.
Ukuguguleka komhlabathi kungomunye umphumela obalulekile. Umhlabathi ongenazo izimila usengozini yokuguguleka, ulahlekelwe imisoco ebalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo. Ezimweni eziningi, inhlabathi eyonakalisiwe ngeke isakwazi ukusekela umsebenzi wezolimo, ibeka ingcindezi eyengeziwe ezindaweni ezisele zamahlathi.
Okokugcina, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nakho kuthinta imiphakathi yabantu. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi nxazonke I-25% yabantu emhlabeni Incike ngokuqondile emithonjeni yehlathi ukuze iziphilise. Ukugawulwa kwezihlahla ngokungakhethi kungaholela ekufudukeni ngenkani kwabantu bomdabu kanye nezingxabano mayelana nokusetshenziswa komhlaba.
Njengoba ikhulu lama-21 liqhubeka, ukulwa nokuqothulwa kwamahlathi kuye kwaba inselele ebalulekile ekulweni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokulondolozwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngaphezu kwezenzo zasendaweni, imizamo yamazwe ngamazwe njengaleyo ekhuthazwa yi-UN ifuna ukukhuthaza ukuphathwa ngendlela eqhubekayo kwemithombo yamahlathi kanye nokubuyiselwa kwezindawo ezilimele. Ukufeza lezi zinhloso, ukubambisana phakathi kohulumeni, izinhlangano kanye nomphakathi uwonke kubalulekile.
IPENISI EFUSHAYO
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