Indlela yokucubungula udoti isaqhubeka nokuba yinkinga emadolobheni amaningi emhlabeni jikelele, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi ngenxa imfucuza enkulu ezikhiqizwa izakhamuzi zakhona. Ukuntuleka kokuphathwa kwemfucuza ngendlela efanele kubangele ukulahlwa kukadoti oqinile ibe yinkinga enkulu kakhulu yezemvelo.
Izinhlobo zemfucuza
Udoti uhlukaniswa ngamaqembu amathathu amakhulu, ngalinye linemithelela ehlukene ngendawo ezungezile:
- Okungokwemvelo: kufaka phakathi imfucuza yebhayoloji enjengamakhasi ezithelo nemifino, izinsalela zokudla, amaphepha nezindwangu zemvelo ezifana nosilika noma ukotini. Ingabe imfucuza ebolayo futhi zibola ngokwemvelo, futhi zingaphinda zisetshenziswe njengomquba noma umanyolo.
- Okungajwayelekile: yakhiwe ngamaminerali nemikhiqizo yokwenziwa njengensimbi, ingilazi nepulasitiki. Lezi izi udoti ongaboli, futhi nakuba eziningi zazo (njengengilazi noma insimbi) zingagaywa kabusha, ukuwohloka kwazo kancane kuzenza zibe inkinga yemvelo ehlala isikhathi eside. Phakathi kweziyingozi kakhulu imfucuza kagesi.
- Ukuhlanzeka: udoti ohlanganisa imikhiqizo yezokwelapha, efana ne-gauze, amabhandeshi, amathawula e-sanitary namanabukeni alahlwayo. Lokhu kuyinkinga ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokunqwabelana kwazo ngokushesha ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu kanye nomthamo wazo ophansi wokugaywa kabusha.
imfucuza yezinto eziphilayo Zingaphinda zigaywe ukuze kukhiqizwe umanyolo wezitshalo, kuyilapho udoti omningi wezinto ezingaphili zigaywa kabusha (nakuba kungenjalo ngaphandle kobunzima). imfucuza yenhlanzeko Nokho, ingenye yezinto ezikhathaza kakhulu izazi zemvelo, ngoba ngokuvamile ihlanganisa izinto ezibhekwa njengeziyingozi kakhulu.
Ngezinqubomgomo ezifanele zomphakathi kanye nokuqwashisa okukhulu kwezakhamizi mayelana nesidingo sokuhlukanisa kahle nokulawula udoti, ingxenye yenkinga yemvelo ingaxazululeka. Nokho, lokhu kusekude ekubeni ngokoqobo ezifundeni eziningi.
Ukwelashwa kwe udoti ongasetshenziswa kabusha ikhiqiza izinzuzo ezibalulekile, njengokuncishiswa kwemfucuza eqinile egcina isendaweni yokulahla imfucumfucu noma ukukhiqizwa komquba ovela kudoti wemvelo.
Ukulahlwa kukadoti oqinile kungcolisa umoya, inhlabathi namanzi
Enye yezinkinga eziyinhloko ezikhiqizwa yizo zonke izinhlobo zemfucuza ukudluliselwa kwayo ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu, lapho izingxube ezingakhethi zemfucumfucu yezinto eziphilayo, ezingaphili kanye nenhlanzeko zidala imiphumela emibi emoyeni, enhlabathini nasemanzini. Ezindaweni zokulahla udoti, udoti uyabola, uyakhiqiza amagesi angcolisayo, kuyilapho ipulasitiki nezinye izibi ezingaphili zingahlala amakhulu eminyaka ngaphandle kokubola.
Ukulahlwa kukadoti ngokungakhethi kubangela ukungcoliswa kwezindawo ezintathu ezibalulekile zemvelo:
- Umoya: Ukubola kwemfucuza kukhiqiza amagesi anobuthi angcolisa umoya, okuthinta izinga lempilo ezindaweni eziseduze nezindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu.
- Imvamisa: Imfucuza, ikakhulukazi amapulasitiki nezinto ezingaphili, ithinta ngokuqondile ukuvunda komhlabathi, ithunaze ikhono layo lokusekela ukuphila kwezitshalo.
- Amanzi: Izimvula zingadonsa izinto ezingcolisayo zisuka emfucumfucwini ziziyise emanzini aseduze, ezithinta kokubili imithombo engaphansi komhlaba nangaphezulu, ngaphezu kokushintsha ibhalansi yezinhlelo zemvelo zasemanzini.
Ukuba khona kwemfucumfucu yepulasitiki olwandle nasemifuleni kuyinkinga ebonakala ikakhulukazi, ekhiqiza iziqhingi ezinkulu zepulasitiki elintantayo emanzini njenge "siqhingi sepulasitiki" esidumile ePacific, esihlanganisa amakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingu-1.4.
Ukungcoliswa komoya kusuka ekulahlweni kwemfucuza
Phakathi kwamagesi akhishelwe emkhathini ngesikhathi sokubola kwemfucuza yezinto eziphilayo, abaluleke kakhulu I-Methane (CH4), the I-Nitrous oxide (N2O) futhi i I-Carbon Dioxide (CO2). La magesi ayingozi kakhulu endaweni ezungezile. I-CO2, isibonelo, inamandla okuhlala emkhathini iminyaka engaphezu kuka-500, okunomthelela omkhulu ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
I-Methane ingenye yezinto ezinomthelela omkhulu kumphumela we-greenhouse futhi inomthelela omkhulu kakhulu kune-CO2 esikhathini esifushane. La magesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini, akhulise ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke futhi aguqule isimo sezulu. Ngokwezilinganiso zesayensi, uma ukukhiqizwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa kungancishiswa kakhulu, izinga lokushisa lomhlaba wonke lingakhuphuka phakathi kuka-1,5ºC no-5,5ºC emashumini eminyaka ezayo.
Ngaphezu kwemiphumela yamagesi abamba ukushisa, ukukhishwa kwemfucuza nakho kukhiqiza izinhlayiya ezimisiwe ezithinta izinga lomoya ezindaweni ezizungezile. Lokhu kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu empilweni yabantu, kubangele ukwanda kwezifo zokuphefumula nenhliziyo, ikakhulukazi kubantu abaseduze nezindawo zokulahla imfucuza ezisebenzayo noma ezingekho emthethweni.
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi ngenxa yokungaphathwa kahle kwemfucuza
Amanzi angenye yezinsiza ezithinteka kakhulu ngenxa yokungaphathwa kahle kwemfucuza. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi akwenzeki kuphela ngokulahlwa kwemfucuza ngokuqondile emifuleni nasezilwandle, kodwa futhi nangokuhluzwa kwezinto ezinobuthi eziphuma ezindaweni zokulahla imfucuza emhlabathini. Lezi zinto zihlanganisa izinsimbi ezisindayo, ama-leachates nezinye izinhlanganisela ezishintsha kakhulu izinga lamanzi.
Enye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zokungcoliswa kwamanzi ukunqwabelana kwemfucuza ephilayo nengaphili ebolayo, ikhiphe. ama-leachates elingena emhlabathini ongaphansi. Lezi zimfucumfucu zithutha ubuthi nezinye izinto eziyingozi ziziyise ezingqimbeni zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, zingcolisa imithombo yamanzi evame ukuba yimithombo yamanzi okuphuza emadolobheni amaningi. Uma amanzi angcolile evuza emanzini amakhulu, njengemifula noma amachibi, umthelela ungalimaza kokubili imvelo yasemanzini kanye nasemiphakathini yabantu encike kulawo manzi ukuze kuphuzwe, ukuniselwa noma ukudoba.
Izinto zamakhemikhali ezitholakala kupulasitiki, umanyolo nokunye ukungcola kwezimboni ngisho nezolimo, njenge-ammonia ne-methane, nakho kuthinta izinqubo zebhayoloji ngaphakathi kwamanzi, okubangela ukufa kwezinhlobo zasemanzini futhi kuguqule amaketanga okudla emvelo.
Ukulimala kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kungomunye wemiphumela eyinhloko yalokhu kungcola. Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane nezitshalo zingathinteka kakhulu, zibe sengozini yokushabalala ezimweni eziningi.
Ngalesi sizathu, kubalulekile ukusungula izindlela ezisebenzayo zokunciphisa inani lemfucuza efinyelela emithonjeni yethu yamanzi futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuphathwa kwayo ngendlela efanele ukuze kugwenywe ukulimala kwemvelo yethu yasemanzini, kanjalo, nokuphila kahle kwabantu.
Ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele kokulahlwa kwamanzi, kanye nezindlela ezisimeme zokulawulwa kwezindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu, kunganciphisa kakhulu lezi zinkinga. Kodwa-ke, isixazululo esisebenza kahle kakhulu sihlala siwukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwemvelo ngokunciphisa imfucuza nokusebenzisa amasu okuvuselela nokusebenzisa kabusha.
Inkinga yemfucuza isemhlabeni wonke futhi umthelela wawo awugcini nje emoyeni, emanzini noma ekungcolisweni kwenhlabathi. Imiphumela ibandakanya ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo. Nakuba ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokwenza umquba sekuthuthukile, okuwukuphela kwekhambi lesikhathi eside elisebenzayo lilele ekunciphiseni ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza.