Isizinda samandla enuzi siyimboni ekhiqiza ugesi ngokusebenzisa amandla enuzi, akhululwa njengamandla ashisayo ngesikhathi sokusabela kokuqhekeka kwe-nuclear ngaphakathi komkhumbi we-reactor. Abantu abaningi abazi ukuthi isikhungo sokuphehla amandla enuzi sisebenza kanjani.
Ngalesi sizathu, sizokutshela ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi isizinda samandla enuzi sisebenza kanjani ngaphakathi.
Izakhi eziyinhloko zesikhungo samandla enuzi
I-reactor yenuzi iyingxenye eyinhloko yesikhungo samandla, njengoba iqukethe amafutha enuzi (imvamisa i-uranium) futhi ifakwe izinhlelo ezivumela ukuqala, ukugcinwa nokulawulwa kokuphela kokusabela kwe-nuclear. Ukusebenza kwesikhungo samandla enuzi kuyefana nalokho kwesikhungo samandla ashisayo esivamile, lapho amandla ashisayo enziwa khona ukushiswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Ngokuphambene, i-nuclear reactor ithola amandla ashisayo kusuka ku-nuclear fission chain reactions okwenzeka ngaphakathi kwama-athomu e-uranium akhona kuphethiloli wenyukliya.
Amandla ashisayo akhiqizwayo asetshenziselwa ukushisisa amanzi aze afinyelele endaweni yokuhwamuka, abe isitimu ngomfutho ophezulu kanye nezinga lokushisa. Lokhu umusi Ishayela i-turbine exhunywe ku-generator, eguqula amandla emishini akhiqizwa ukuzungezisa kwe-turbine ibe amandla kagesi.
Nakuba kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zama-reactors enuzi, imiklamo emibili ethile iyagqama, ihlangene, imele ngaphezu kwama-80% ezingxenye zokusebenza ezicishe zibe ngu-450 emhlabeni wonke: I-pressurized water reactor (PWR) kanye ne-pressurized water reactor (BWR).
Ukusebenza kwe-pressurized water reactor (PWR)
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ngesikhathi se-nuclear fission, ama-nuclei ama-athomu asindayo, ashaywa ama-neutron, abola abe ama-nuclei amancane, alula. Le nqubo ikhulula amandla ahlanganisa ama-proton nama-neutron futhi ibangele ukukhishwa kwama-neutron amabili noma amathathu. Lawa ma-neutron akhishwa Bayakwazi ukudambisa ama-fissions engeziwe ngokusebenzisana namanye ama-nuclei asindayo, nawo azokhipha ama-neutron engeziwe, aqhubekisele phambili umjikelezo. Lo mphumela waziwa ngokuthi i-nuclear fission chain reaction.
Ukusebenza kwesikhungo samandla enuzi kungafingqwa ngalezi zigaba ezilandelayo:
- Ku-reactor yenukliya, I-uranium ithola i-fission ekhiqiza inani elikhulu lamandla elishisisa amanzi okupholisa anomfutho ophezulu azungeza ohlelweni. La manzi ashisayo abe esethuthwa ngesekhethi yokuqala aye endaweni yokushintsha ukushisa, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-steam generator, lapho enza kube lula ukukhiqizwa komhwamuko wamanzi.
- Umhlangano we-turbine-generator uthola isitimu ngesekethe yesibili. Lapho ufika, isitimu sizungeza ama-turbine blades. Lokhu kujikeleza kwe-turbine shaft kamuva kushayela i-alternator, kuguqula amandla omshini abe ugesi.
- Uma umhwamuko usudlulile ku-turbine, uya ku-condenser, lapho upholisa khona bese uguqulwa ube amanzi awuketshezi.
- Amanzi abe esebuyiselwa emshinini wokuphehla isitimu ukuze akhiphe isitimu futhi, esebenza ngaphakathi kweluphu evaliwe.
Izingxenye ezibalulekile zesikhungo samandla enuzi
Sishilo phambilini ukuthi isiphehlisi senuzi siyisikhungo esiklanyelwe ukuqalisa, ukugcina nokuqeda ukusabela kweketango lokuqhekeka ngendlela elawulwayo, efakwe izindlela ezidingekayo zokukhipha ukushisa okukhiqizwayo. I-reactor iyisici esiyinhloko sesikhungo sikagesi futhi isebenza njengendawo lapho kugcinwa khona uphethiloli wenuzi.
Izinto eziyinhloko zesikhungo samandla enuzi yilezi:
- Okokhelekayo: Yizinto lapho ukusabela kwe-fission kwenzeka, okuvame ukusebenzisa i-uranium dioxide ecebile. Le nto inomsebenzi ophindwe kabili: isebenza njengomthombo wamandla futhi njengomphakeli wama-neutron adingekayo ukuze kugcinwe ukusabela kweketango. Ihlinzekwa ngendlela eqinile, ehlanganisa amaphilisi angama-cylindrical asongwe ngezinsimbi zensimbi cishe amamitha amane ubude.
- I-Moderator: Into enciphisa ijubane lama-neutron asheshayo akhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuqhekeka, ngaleyo ndlela kube lula ukuqhekeka okwengeziwe nokugcina ukusabela kweketanga.
- Isiqandisi: Ngamanzi afanayo asebenza njengomongameli futhi asetshenziselwa ukususa ukushisa okukhiqizwa ukusabela kwe-fission okwenzeka kuphethiloli we-uranium.
- Amabha okulawula: Ziyizingxenye zokulawula ze-reactor futhi zisebenza njengama-neutron absorbers. Ihlanganiswe ne-boron carbide noma i-indium-cadmium, lezi zinduku zivumela ukuphathwa okuqhubekayo kwenani le-neutron, iqinisekisa ukuqina kwe-reactor nokwenza lula ukuvala kwayo lapho kudingekile.
- Izikhali: Isebenza ukuvimbela ukuphunyuka kwemisebe nama-neutron kusuka ku-reactor kuya endaweni yangaphandle. Ngokuvamile, izinto ezifana nokhonkolo, insimbi noma umthofu zisetshenziselwa le njongo.
- Izici zokuphepha: Zonke izikhungo zenuzi zihlome ngezinhlelo zokuphepha eziningi eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukukhululwa kwe-radioactivity endaweni ezungezile, kuhlanganisa nesakhiwo sokuvikela.
- Isilawuli sokucindezela: Kuyingxenye ebalulekile yesekethe yokuqala yokupholisa. Lesi silawuli sigcina ibhalansi phakathi kwezigaba zoketshezi kanye nomhwamuko ngaphansi kwezimo zokugcwala ukuze silawule ngempumelelo ingcindezi ngaphakathi kwe-reactor.
- Umkhumbi we-reactor: Ivalela i-reactor yenuzi, lapho ukusabela kwe-fission chain kwenzeka. Umnyombo walo mkhumbi wakhiwe ngezinto zokubasa.
- Amajeneretha e-Steam: Zisebenza njengezishintshisi zokushisa, lapho amanzi okupholisa esekethe eyinhloko egeleza ngamashubhu ahlanekezelwe amise okwe-U futhi adlulisele amandla awo ashisayo emanzini esekethe yesibili, ngaleyo ndlela awaguqule abe umhwamuko wamanzi.
- Ukwakhiwa kokuqukethwe: Indawo ebiyelwe equkethe isistimu yokupholisa i-reactor kanye namasistimu asizayo amaningana futhi isebenza njengesithiyo esivikelayo ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuvamile, ivimbela ngempumelelo ukuphunyuka kwezinto ezingcolisayo endaweni engaphandle. Ngokuhlangana nezinye izinhlelo zokuphepha, inesibopho esibalulekile sokuvimbela ukukhishwa okungenzeka kwemikhiqizo yokuqhekeka emkhathini lapho kwenzeka ingozi.
- I-Turbine: Lesi sikhungo siklanyelwe ukuthwebula umhwamuko ovela kumajeneretha esitimu, siguqule amandla awo abe amandla emishini ajikelezayo ngokusebenzisa ama-blades. Izigaba eziningana zenzelwe ukunwetshwa kwesitimu. I-shaft inamathele ngokuvikelekile ku-alternator shaft.
- I-Alternator: Idivayisi ekhiqiza ugesi ngokuguqula amandla ajikelezayo e-turbine ibe amandla kagesi aphakathi nendawo namandla kagesi aphezulu.
- I-Transformer: Idivayisi edizayinelwe ukukhulisa amandla kagesi akhiqizwa ngomunye ukuze kwehliswe ukulahlekelwa phakathi nokudluliselwa kwawo ezindaweni zokusetshenziswa.
- Amanzi okupholisa: Amanzi aphuma emfuleni, echibini noma olwandle asebenza ukufingqa umhwamuko wamanzi ngaphakathi kwe-condenser. Lawa manzi angabuyiselwa ngqo emthonjeni wawo wokuqala, owaziwa ngokuthi yi-open loop, noma agaywe kabusha ngombhoshongo wokupholisa ohlelweni oluvaliwe lweluphu.
- Ukupholisa imibhoshongo: Benza lula ukushabalaliswa kwengxenye yokushisa okusalayo okukhiqizwa phakathi nokukhiqizwa kukagesi emkhathini, okusebenza njengomthombo wamakhaza. Lesi simiso sisetshenziselwa ukupholisa amanzi azungeza nge-condenser, okuyingxenye ebalulekile yesekethe yokupholisa eyisiza yesitshalo.
- I-Condenser: Isishintshi sokushisa siqukethe uchungechunge lwamashubhu enza kube lula ukuhamba kwamanzi okupholisa. Amanzi ahwamukile angena ku-condenser esuka ku-turbine enza inqubo yokuncibilika, adlulele esigabeni se-liquid. Le nqubo idala i-vacuum ethuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine.
Ngethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi isikhungo samandla enuzi sisebenza kanjani ngaphakathi.