Intuthuko eqhubekayo: ukhiye wekusasa elilinganayo
Intuthuko esimeme ingumqondo esiwuzwile sonke, kodwa akuvamile ukuthi siwuqonde ngokujulile. Ngamafuphi, kumayelana nokuzuza intuthuko ekwazi ukusimama ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngaphandle kokuqeda imithombo yemvelo noma ukunikela ngezinga lempilo yezizukulwane ezizayo. Nokho, njengamagama amaningi athandwayo, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kungaholela ekuhlanekeni kwencazelo yawo yasekuqaleni.
Uyafuna ukwazi ukuthi iyini ngempela intuthuko esimeme nokuthi izithinta kanjani izinqubomgomo zomhlaba?
Umsuka wentuthuko esimeme
Kusukela ngawo-1970, ochwepheshe baqala ukubona umthelela omubi imisebenzi yabantu eyayinawo emvelweni. Kwasungulwa amathiyori mayelana nokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuba sengozini kwezimiso zemvelo. Njengoba isintu sikhula kakhulu kubantu nasekusetshenzisweni kwayo, kwaba sobala ukuthi izinsiza zeplanethi zinemikhawulo, nokuthi ukuqhubeka nokuxhashazwa kwakungeke kuqhubeke isikhathi eside.
Ingqophamlando emlandweni wentuthuko esimeme kwaba ukushicilelwa kwe Umbiko weBrundtland ngo-1987, ekuqaleni eyayinesihloko esithi “Ikusasa Lethu Elivamile.” Kulo mbiko, ogqugquzelwe yi-UN World Commission on Environment and Development, intuthuko esimeme yachazwa njengentuthuko ehlangabezana nezidingo zamanje ngaphandle kokuphazamisa amathuba ezizukulwane ezizayo ukuhlangabezana nezazo.
Inhloso yombiko we-Brundtland kwakuwukuthola izixazululo zokunqanda ukuwohloka kwemvelo kanye nokukhuthaza intuthuko esimeme kakhudlwana. Ngenxa yalokho, kwavela ukuzibophezela komhlaba wonke ukubhekana nezici zezemvelo nezenhlalo nezomnotho zemisebenzi yethu.
Izici zentuthuko esimeme
Intuthuko esimeme isekelwe phezu kwezinsika ezintathu ezibalulekile okufanele zilinganiswe ukuze kuzuzwe imodeli yokukhula esebenzayo esikhathini eside. Lezi izi:
- Isayensi Yemvelo Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusimama kwemithombo yemvelo nokugwema ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo.
- Umnotho: Ukukhula komnotho kuyadingeka, kodwa kufanele kusekelwe kumodeli ongaxhaphazi ngokweqile imithombo yemvelo noma ukukhiqiza ukungalingani okukhulu.
- Umphakathi: Intuthuko yezenhlalakahle nayo ibalulekile. Ukuqedwa kobumpofu, ukulingana ngokobulili kanye nokufakwa komphakathi yizici ezibalulekile zentuthuko esimeme.
Imodeli yentuthuko esimeme kufanele iqinisekise ukuthi lezi zinsika ezintathu zisebenza ndawonye futhi ngendlela elinganayo. Ubumpofu, isibonelo, bunciphisa amathuba okuthuthukiswa komnotho, kuyilapho ukungalingani kwezenhlalakahle kuqhubekisela phambili ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo.
Ukusimama komnotho, kwezenhlalo nezemvelo
Kulo mongo, izwe ngalinye lidinga ukwakha uhlaka lwesenzo oluvumela kokubili ukuthuthukiswa komnotho nokongiwa kwemvelo. Akukhona nje ukukhiqiza ingcebo, kodwa ukwenza kanjalo ngezindlela ezingakhihlisi imvelo noma ukwandisa ukungalingani kwezenhlalo.
Ukuthuthukiswa okusimeme kuhlongozwa njengesixazululo ezinkingeni ezibangelwa ukukhula okungenamkhawulo, njengoba sibonile emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, kuye kwaholela ezinkingeni ezinjengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukushabalala kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nobumpofu obukhulu kwezinye izifunda zomhlaba.
Ukuthuthukiswa komnotho okunokulinganisela
Ukukhula komnotho akukwazi ukuqhubeka nokusekelwe ekuxhashazweni kwezinsiza ezinomkhawulo ezifana nowoyela noma amalahle, njengoba lokhu akugcini nje ngokulinganiselwe, kodwa futhi kukhiqiza ukungcola futhi kunomthelela omubi emvelweni. Isixazululo ngokusebenzisa a ukuguqukela emandleni avuselelekayo, njengelanga, umoya kanye ne-hydraulic, ekhiqiza umthelela omncane endaweni ezungezile futhi evumela ukuthuthukiswa okuhlanzekile.
Kusemqoka ukuthi amazwe asebenzise izinqubomgomo zezomnotho ezikhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile futhi anciphise ukuthembela emafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Lolu shintsho aluzukukhuthaza nje kuphela iminotho esimeme, kodwa futhi nokuvulwa kwamathuba omsebenzi oluhlaza, lawo ahlobene nokuvikelwa nokugcinwa kokunakekelwa kwemvelo.
Njengamanje, amandla avuselelekayo asezuze ukuvelela emhlabeni wonke, kodwa ukuthuthukiswa kwawo akwanele ukuvala ngokuphelele amafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Ushintsho lwamandla lubalulekile, futhi kuphela ngokushintsha kancane kancane ukuya kumodeli esekelwe kumandla ahlanzekile lapho sizokwazi khona ukuqinisekisa ukusimama kwesikhathi eside.
Izindaba ezibalulekile zezemvelo zentuthuko esimeme
Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu zentuthuko esimeme umbono wayo wesikhathi eside. Akukhona nje ukuthola izixazululo ezisheshayo ezinkingeni zamanje, kodwa mayelana nokudala izimo eziqinisekisa inhlalakahle yezizukulwane ezizayo. Ukufeza lokhu, kuyadingeka ukubhekana nezindaba ezibalulekile zemvelo:
- Isivumelwano Somhlaba: Ikhishwe njengesibopho somhlaba wonke eNgqungqutheleni yase-Rio de Janeiro ngo-1992, i-Earth Charter iqukethe uchungechunge lwezimiso zokuziphatha kanye namagugu okuhloswe ngawo ukuqondisa imiphakathi ibe yimodeli yentuthuko esimeme.
- Ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko: The Isimemezelo Sendawo Yonke Ngokuhlukahluka Kwamasiko (I-UNESCO, 2001) igqamisa ukubaluleka kokukhulisa ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko, kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukuqonda okuphelele kokusimama kufanele kubhekane namazinga emvelo namasiko.
Izinhlobo zokusimama
Intuthuko esimeme ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu, kuye ngendawo okugxilwe kuyo:
Ukusimama komnotho
Kubhekiselwa ekuqalisweni kwemisebenzi ekhuthaza ukukhula komnotho okusekelwa ukusimama komphakathi kanye nemvelo. Okusho ukuthi, izinqumo zezomnotho zihloselwe ukukhuthaza ukukhula ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni izinsiza noma izinhlaka zomphakathi.
Ukusimama komphakathi
Lolu hlobo lokusimama lufuna ukuqeda ukungalingani kwezenhlalo, ukukhuthaza ukubumbana kanye nokuphila kahle kwabo bonke abantu. Izinjongo zemvelo nezomnotho ngeke zifezeke ngaphandle kokucabangela umphakathi.
Ukusimama kwemvelo
Mhlawumbe iwuhlobo oluqashelwa kakhulu lokusimama, njengoba lugxile ekongiweni kwemvelo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ifuna ukwenza ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yemvelo kuhambisane nokugcinwa nokuvuselelwa kwayo, igweme ukuncipha kwayo.
Imikhawulo yentuthuko esimeme
Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi, naphezu kwezibopho zamazwe ngamazwe, intuthuko esimeme ibhekene nemikhawulo eminingana. Emazweni amaningi asathuthuka, ukufaka ubuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile kubiza kakhulu, okwenza ukutholwa kwabo kube nzima.
Isibonelo, imboni yamandla elanga idinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile kokuqala, futhi nakuba ingase ibe nenzuzo enkulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amazwe amaningi awanayo imali edingekayo ukwenza lolu shintsho. Ngalo mqondo, amazwe athuthuke kakhulu anesibopho sokusekela ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwamaphrojekthi esimeme ezifundeni ezimpofu.
Ukusimama ekhulwini lama-21
Njengoba singena ekhulwini lama-2015, ukusimama kuba yinsika ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komhlaba. Unyaka wezi-XNUMX uphawule iphuzu elibalulekile ngokwethulwa kwe- Izinjongo Zokuthuthukiswa Okusimeme (SDG) kanye neSivumelwano saseParis, sigxile ekunqandeni imiphumela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuqhubekela phambili ekusimameni okukhulu.
Ikhulunyaka lama-21 aliseyona nje eyokuphana noma ubizo kuphela, kodwa ukusimama sekufakwe kuyo yonke imikhakha yempilo yesimanje, kusukela ezinkampanini ezinkulu kuye kohulumeni basekhaya. Ama-SDG ahlinzeka ngomhlahlandlela ocacile wokuguqula umnotho wethu kanye nemiphakathi ibe yizibonelo ezizinzile.
Nakuba imigomo isekude ukuba ifezeke ngokuphelele, ukuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe obuvuselelekayo, ukuqwashisa okukhulayo komphakathi kanye nemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe kuyisibonelo esicacile sokuthi ukusimama akuseyona inketho, kodwa kuyisidingo esingenakugwenywa sokugwema ukuwohloka okungenakulungiseka kweplanethi.