Inuzi (22,6%), umoya (19,2%) namandla aphehlwa ngamalahle (17,4%) bekungobuchwephesha obuthathu obuphezulu bokukhiqiza ugesi ngo-2017. Lokhu kubonise ingxube ethile yamandla avuselelekayo nangavuselelwa emiksini yamandla. ibhalansi yawo ithintwa yizimo zezulu kanye nezwe.
Isomiso esinamandla, esinamadamu angama-38% womthamo wawo omkhulu, sinikeze imvuselelo ekusetshenzisweni kwamalahle. Ukuna kwemvula encane kwehlise umnikelo wokuphehlwa kwamanzi wafinyelela ku-7,3% yenani eliphelele ohlelweni lukagesi. Lesi simo saphoqelela isidingo sokuba kuncishiswe amalahle negesi, okunikele ngo-31,1%, okusho ukuthi, cishe ingxenye yesithathu yesidingo samandla ngaleso sikhathi.
Naphezu kwesidingo sokusebenzisa amalahle amaningi, okusho ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kwamandla, lokhu kuphinde kwaletha ukwanda okukhulu kwegesi ebamba ukushisa, ikakhulukazi i-CO2, ephikisana nokuzibophezela kwezemvelo yaseSpain ezivumelwaneni zamazwe ngamazwe njengaseParis.
Esinye isici okufanele sicatshangelwe ukuntuleka kokukhula komthamo ofakiwe wamandla avuselelekayo. Ngo-2017, lezi zimele u-33,7% wokukhiqizwa kukagesi, ukwehla uma kuqhathaniswa no-40,8% obhaliswe ngo-2016. Amandla omoya, ngakolunye uhlangothi, akwazile ukugcina ukubamba iqhaza okuzinzile okungaba ngu-19,2%, isibalo esifanayo nesango-2016, ngokusho kukaFernando Ferrando. , umongameli we-Renovables Foundation.
Ayikho inqubekela phambili eyenziwa ekuguqulweni okuzayo
UPedro Linares, uprofesa woMnyango Wezamandla Nokusimama e-Pontifical University of Comillas, wagcizelela ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwamandla eSpain kubonisa izimpawu zokuvinjelwa. Ukuncika emanzini emvula njengomthombo wokukhiqiza amandla kuwubungozi obukhulu, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zesomiso. Ukuntuleka kwemvula kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okulinganiselwe ekufakeni okusha okuvuselelekayo kushiye isistimu kagesi yase-Spain inezinye izindlela ezimbalwa esikhundleni samafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi.
Inkinga igqanyiswa lapho ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydraulic, ngokuvamile obunye bobuchwepheshe obuhlanzeke kakhulu, kwehla kakhulu. Ngalo mqondo, izimboni zamandla ezishisayo ezibaswa ngamalahle, kanye negesi, ziba yimfuneko, okubuye kuguquleke kube ukwanda kokuphuma kwe-CO2. USolwazi Linares uxwayisa ngokuthi lesi simo asikwazi ukuqhubeka isikhathi eside nokuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kungenza umthamo ophansi we-hydraulic ungapheli esikhathini esizayo.
Ukuze ulungise lo mkhuba, i-Linares iphakamisa ukuthi iSpain ithuthukise isu lesikhathi eside elihloswe ekushintsheni kancane kancane ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle futhi, kamuva, igesi enemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo, ngomgomo wokugcina wokufeza ukuchithwa okuphelele kwesistimu kagesi.
Iqhaza labalingisi bezepolitiki nezomnotho ekushintsheni kwamandla
Iziphathimandla, kanye nochwepheshe bomkhakha wezamandla, bayavuma ukuthi ukuvinjwa okukhona kufanele kunqanyulwe endleleni eya ekushintsheni kwamandla okusimeme nokuncika kancane emafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Kodwa-ke, kunezithiyo eziningi, njenge-oligopolies yamandla kanye nezithakazelo ezizungezile ezizungezile, ezenza kube nzima ukushintsha imodeli.
Ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo kufanele kusheshiswe ukuze kuvinjwe amalahle negesi ukuthi ingaqhubeki ibe yizixazululo ezisheshayo lapho kuntuleka amanzi. Baveza isibonelo samanye amazwe ase-Europe afana neDenmark, Germany neNetherlands angayekile ukutshala imali ekuthuthukiseni izinhlelo zawo zikagesi. Lawa mazwe afuna ukuyeka izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi namandla enuzi ukuze akhethe uhlelo olusekelwe cishe ngokuphelele emandleni avuselelekayo.
Ikakhulukazi, izinzuzo zokudlulela kumodeli yentuthuko esekelwe kumandla avuselelekayo zihlanganisa ukwehla okuphawulekayo kokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa, ukuzimela okukhulu kwamandla, ukunciphisa izindleko zesikhathi eside kanye nobuholi bomnotho womhlaba wonke obuxhumene nobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile.
Izindali ze-Carbonless mega nezintengo ze-pool
Eminyakeni yakamuva, uHulumeni waseSpain ukhuthaze izindali zamandla ukuze kunikezwe amaphrojekthi amasha avuselelekayo. Le nqubo ivumele amamegawathi amasha angama-2020 omthamo wamandla avuselelekayo ukuthi afinyelelwe ngo-8.737, okwasiza ukuqondisa umgomo wokuzuza amandla avuselelekayo angama-20% ngalowo nyaka, ngokuhambisana neSivumelwano saseParis.
Mayelana namanani e-pool, okwamanje, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kunezindleko ezilinganiselwa kuma-euro angama-53 ngehora le-megawatt (MWh). Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izifunda zomhlaba, njengaseMexico, amanani asehle kakhulu, cishe ama-euro ayi-17 nge-MWh ngayinye endalini yakamuva, eqokomisa amandla okuncintisana okuvuselelekayo lapho kuthunyelwa ngezinga elikhulu.
Ngaphandle kwalezi ntuthuko, ochwepheshe bomkhakha abaningana baveza ukuthi ukuvela kokuhlanganiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo okungu-100% kusahamba kancane. Ubuchwepheshe obufana nelanga nomoya busesigabeni esimile uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe, futhi ukuntuleka kwezinhlelo ezibambekayo zokuqeda unomphela amalahle ne-nuclear kuseyinselelo enkulu.
Ikusasa lesistimu kagesi kanye nesidingo sokusungula kabusha imodeli
Isimo samanje sibeka isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi, lapho amandla avuselelekayo, nakuba ekhula, engakwazi ukuhlangabezana nesidingo ngokuphelele. Ukuntuleka kwentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla kuwumkhawulo osiphoqa ukuthi siphendukele ezitshalweni ezishisayo zamalahle negesi ngezikhathi ezibucayi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amandla enuzi ayaqhubeka nokuba umthombo oyinhloko ekuxubeni kwamandla eSpain. Abasekeli balobu buchwepheshe baphikisa ngokuthi ukuphepha nokuthembeka kwezikhungo zamandla enuzi kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ibhalansi yesistimu ngenkathi kusondela ekuqothulweni kwekhabhoni.
Uma sibheka esikhathini esizayo, ukutshalwa kwezimali kuyaqhubeka nokugxila ekuthuthukisweni kwesitoreji esikhulu, njengamabhethri kanye nobuchwepheshe be-hydraulic pumping, okuvumela ukuguquguquka okukhulu ohlelweni lukagesi. Nokho, inqobo nje uma lobu buchwepheshe bungakathuthukisiwe ngokugcwele, ukuncika emafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi kuzoqhubeka nokuba ngokoqobo esikhathini esifushane.
Kubalulekile ukuthi izinqubomgomo zomphakathi nezinqumo zebhizinisi zisheshise le nqubo, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikusasa lamandla elisimeme, elihlanzekile nelifinyelelekayo kubo bonke. Manje kunanini ngaphambili, ukushintshela ekuhlanganiseni amandla ikakhulukazi okusekelwe ezintweni ezivuselelekayo kuyithuba kanye nesidingo esikhona.
Njengoba isidingo sikagesi siqhubeka sikhula futhi nobuchwepheshe obuvuselelekayo buthuthuka, okubalulekile kuzoba ukusekela ukuthunyelwa kwawo ngokusebenzisa izinqubomgomo ezifuna ukuvelela kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezixazululo zokulondoloza eziqinisekisa ukuzinza kwezinhlelo zikagesi.