Ulwandle lungenye yemithombo enamandla kakhulu futhi engasetshenziswanga yamandla avuselelekayo. Phakathi kwawo wonke amandla avuselelekayo, lawo atholakala ezintweni zasolwandle agqama ngamandla awo. Isizathu sokusebenza kahle kwazo ukuthi njengoba ziyizindawo ezinkulu ezivulekile, njengolwandle, azibhekani nezithiyo noma izithunzi ezivimba umoya noma imisinga, okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwalezi zinsiza. Ngezansi, sichaza ngemithombo eyinhloko yamandla olwandle kanye nesimo samanje sokuthuthuka kwawo.
Umoya we-Offshore
La amandla omoya aphesheya kwezilwandle Ingobunye bobuchwepheshe obuthuthuke kakhulu futhi obuncintisanayo ngaphakathi kwamandla olwandle. Ekupheleni kuka-2009, umthamo ofakiwe wamandla omoya ogwini lolwandle ufinyelele ku-2.063 MW. I-Denmark ne-United Kingdom zihola lo mkhakha, kodwa amazwe afana ne-China aqhubekela phambili ngokushesha, etshala imali kubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle kwezinjini zomoya zasolwandle.
Amandla omoya wasogwini makhulu, ikakhulukazi olwandle olujulile, lapho izinjini zomoya ezintantayo zikhula khona. Ubuhle balezi zindawo ukuthi imimoya izinzile futhi isezingeni eliphakeme ngenxa yokungabikho kwezithiyo ezifana nezintaba noma izakhiwo, okuvumela ukuphehlwa kwamandla okuqhubekayo okuqhubekayo.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi u-80% wemithombo yomoya yeplanethi etholakala olwandle, okwenza lobu buchwepheshe bube yisihluthulelo sekusasa lamandla avuselelekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- amapulatifomu entantayo Ziyisixazululo sokusebenzisa imimoya ezindaweni ezijulile zolwandle, okuqhubekisela phambili ukukhula kwale mboni.
Isibonelo salokhu kuthuthukiswa ipaki elingasogwini lolwandle I-Hywind, etholakala oLwandle Olusenyakatho amakhilomitha angu-25 ukusuka ogwini lwaseScotland, esebenzisa izinjini zomoya ezintantayo. Lezi zinhlobo zezixazululo kulindeleke ukuthi zande kakhulu esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.
Amandla we-Wave
La amandla we-wave o Amandla wamagagasi asebenzisa ukunyakaza kwamagagasi ongaphezulu kwamanzi ukuze akhiqize ugesi. Nakuba kusezigabeni zokuhlola, lobu buchwepheshe bunamandla amakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinamagagasi anamandla njengogu lwe-Atlantic lwaseYurophu.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zobuchwepheshe ezisathuthukiswayo zokuthwebula la mandla:
- Ikholomu Yamanzi Anyakazayo (OWC): Iphrojekthi emisha esebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe iyathuthukiswa e-Basque Country. Iqukethe ikholomu engaphansi kwamanzi lapho ukunyakaza kwamagagasi kucindezela umoya oqukethwe kukholamu, ohambisa i-turbine ekhiqiza ugesi.
- Ama-attenuators nama-absorber: Lawa madivaysi athwebula ukunyakaza kwamagagasi futhi aguqule abe amandla emishini, aguqulwa abe ugesi.
- Amasistimu nezinqamuli ezichichimayo: Lezi zinhlelo zisebenzisa ithuba lomthelela wamagagasi esakhiweni sokukhiqiza ugesi.
E-Motrico (eSpain), sekufakwe ama-turbine amagagasi amaningana akhiqiza kufika ku-296 kW, okubonisa ukuthi amandla amagagasi ayiqiniso elikhulayo emkhakheni wokuvuselelwa kabusha.
Amandla omswakama
La Amandla wamanzi olwandle Ikhiqizwa ngokuthatha ithuba lokukhuphuka nokuwa kwamagagasi. Iningi lezinhlelo zamanje zamagagasi zisekelwe ekwakhiweni kwedamu elakha ichibi lemvelo. Phakathi namagagasi amakhulu, amanzi agcwalisa leli chibi futhi kamuva, njengoba amagagasi ephuma, amanzi aphuma ngezinjini eziphehla ugesi.
Esinye sezibonelo ezindala nezinkulu kakhulu zalobu buchwepheshe isikhungo samandla olwandle sa La Rance eFrance, ebisebenza kusukela ngo-1966. Nakuba lezi zinhlelo zinemikhawulo, njengesidingo sokuthi amagagasi abe okungenani amamitha angu-5 kanye nokuguqulwa okungenzeka kwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo zasogwini, aseyindlela esebenzayo ezindaweni ezinamagagasi amakhulu. INingizimu Korea nayo inezindawo ezifanayo.
Amandla avela emanzini olwandle
Enye indlela yokuthola amandla olwandle ngokusebenzisa imisinga yolwandle. Njengamandla omoya, lo mthombo usebenzisa amandla okunyakaza kwamanzi okuqhubekayo ukuhambisa izinjini ezingaphansi kwamanzi eziphehla ugesi. Isibonelo esimele kakhulu uhlelo SeaGen, i-turbine yasolwandle etholakala eStrangford Strait. Lolu hlelo lungakwazi ukukhiqiza kufikela ku-1,2 MW ngosuku, okulenza libe ngelinye lamaphrojekthi asebenza kahle kakhulu asetshenziswa olwandle.
Nakuba iSpain ingenazo izindawo ezinemisinga yolwandle ekahle yalolu hlobo lwephrojekthi, ezinye izindawo, njengeStrait of Gibraltar kanye nogu lwaseGalician, zingabamba lolu hlobo lwezinsiza esikhathini esizayo.
I-Ocean thermal gradient
Lo mthombo wamandla usekelwe kumehluko wokushisa phakathi kolwandle namanzi ajulile. Ezifundeni ezishisayo nasenkabazwe, lapho umehluko ungadlula ku-20ºC, ungasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ugesi. Uhlelo lusebenzisa umjikelezo we-thermodynamic, njenge Umjikelezo we-Rankine, ukuhambisa i-turbine ekhiqizayo.
Yize lobu buchwepheshe busesigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthuka, amazwe afana ne-India, Japan kanye neHawaii atshala imali ocwaningweni lwalezi zitshalo ezinyakazayo.
I-gradient kasawoti kanye nengcindezi ye-osmotic
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-saline gradient, eyaziwa nangokuthi amandla aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, isekelwe emehlukweni wokugcwala kukasawoti phakathi kwamanzi olwandle nemifula. Ngenqubo ye-osmosis, lo mehluko ukhiqiza amandla angaguqulwa abe ugesi. E-Norway, esinye sezimboni zokuqala zamandla e-osmotic siyathuthukiswa e-Oslo Fjord.
Ukusetshenziswa kwalobu buchwepheshe kunamandla amakhulu, njengoba imilomo yemilambo nezindawo eziphuma emfuleni emhlabeni wonke kunikeza amathuba amaningi okusebenza kwazo.
Nakuba ulwandle lunikeza izinsiza eziningi zamandla ezinamandla amakhulu, ubuchwepheshe obuningi obusizakalayo busesigabeni socwaningo noma sokuthuthukiswa. Okuhlukile amandla omoya ogwini lolwandle, osekuvele kunokuvuthwa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokuncintisana emakethe.
Izithiyo eziyinhloko ekuthuthukisweni okukhulu kwamandla olwandle yizindleko eziphezulu zokuqalisa ukusebenza kanye nesidingo sokuqhubeka nokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhiqizwa okuphumelelayo nokusimeme. Nokho, ikusasa lamandla avuselelekayo lizoncika kakhulu enqubekelaphambili eyenziwe kulo mkhakha.
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