Ukunquma izikhathi zonyaka, sizisekela ku- izinkathi, okuyimijikelezo yesimo sezulu ecishe ibe izinyanga ezintathu ngayinye, ebonakala ngezimo zezulu ezizinzile endaweni ethile. Izinkathi zonyaka yilezi: intwasahlobo, ihlobo, ikwindla nobusika. Ukulandelana kwawo kusukela ekuthambekeni kwe-eksisi Yomhlaba ngokuhlobene nendiza yomjikelezo wawo, okwenza izifunda ezihlukahlukene zithole amanani ahlukene okukhanya kwelanga phakathi nonyaka.
Lesi simo asithinti kuphela amazinga okushisa nobude bosuku, kodwa futhi namandla nokuthambekela kokukhanya kwelanga okushaya phezulu. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kunomthelela oqondile ezimbalini, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikude nenkabazwe, lapho izinkathi zonyaka zimakwe kakhulu. Izindawo ezipholile nezithambile, njengeYurophu neNyakatho Melika, zibonisa izinguquko zesizini ezigqame kakhulu, ezibonakala emijikelezweni yezitshalo.
Ukuphefumula Komhlaba
Izinkathi zonyaka azigcini nje ngokuthonya isimo sezulu, kodwa futhi zithinta ngokuqondile imijikelezo yezitshalo. Lesi simo saziwa ngokuthi yi- ukuphefumula komhlaba. Njengoba izinkathi zonyaka zishintsha, izitshalo zisabela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. I izitshalo eziqhakaza, njengama-oki noma izihlahla ze-chestnut, zilahlekelwa amaqabunga ekwindla ukuze zigweme ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi ebusika futhi zihlume futhi entwasahlobo, zilungiselela ukuqhakaza nokuzala.
Imijikelezo yezitshalo ihlanganisa izinqubo ezibalulekile, njenge ukuhluma kwembewu, ukukhula, ukuqhakaza kanye nokuwa kwamaqabunga. Ukujwayela kwale mijikelezo kuxhumene kakhulu nesimo sezulu sesizini. Nokho, izenzakalo ezifana ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi kube nomthelela omkhulu kulezi zigqi zemvelo, kushintsha izikhathi zokukhula futhi kuthinte izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Le nqubo ye-cyclic ivumele ososayensi ukuthi babone uhlobo "lokuphefumula" kweplanethi, olubonakala ngezithombe zesathelayithi. Kulezi zithombe ezinyakazayo, ungabona ukuthi uhlaza lukhula kanjani, lumunca isikhutha (CO2) entwasahlobo nasehlobo, nokuthi luyikhipha kanjani ikhabhoni lapho lungena ekwindla nasebusika.
“Ukuphefumula komhlaba” akugcini nje ngokuhlaba umxhwele, kodwa kubalulekile emjikelezweni wokuphila wazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Sincike kulo mjikelezo ukuze siwuthole ukudla, umoya-mpilo nezinye izinsiza ezibalulekile.
Izinguquko zesizini kudatha yezitshalo nesathelayithi
Akekho uBremer ithuthukise ukubonwa okumangalisayo "kokuphefumula" komhlaba, ngokusekelwe kudatha evela ku- I-NOAA STAR (Isikhungo Sokucwaninga Ngesathelayithi Nezicelo). Basebenzisa inzwa VIIRS (I-Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite), etholakala kwisathelayithi I-SNPP (Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership). Le divayisi ikala ukuhlukahluka kwezimila zomhlaba wonke masonto onke, ihlinzeka ngolwazi oluningiliziwe lokuthi uhlaza lushintsha kanjani unyaka wonke.
Ngalezi zithombe, kungenzeka ukubona ukuthi izinguquko zigqama kanjani ezifundeni ze-northern hemisphere, lapho ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwesizini kuqoshwa khona. Izindawo ezifana ne-New Zealand, Brazil kanye ne-Afrika eseningizimu zibonisa umjikelezo obuyela emuva ngenxa yendawo yazo eningizimu nenkabazwe, lapho izinkathi zonyaka zenzeka ngokuphambene.
Ubuhlaza: inguquko ebalulekile ocwaningweni lwemijikelezo yesizini
Inkomba eyinhloko yokukala lezi zinguquko zesizini Uhlaza, noma I-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (IVDN). Le nkomba ikala inani lezitshalo ezikhona endaweni futhi isetshenziselwa ukubona ukuqala kwenkathi yokukhula, kanye nokukhula noma ukuphela komjikelezo wempilo yezitshalo ekupheleni kwekwindla.
I-IVDN futhi iyithuluzi elibalulekile lezifundo zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, njengoba ukuncipha noma ukwanda kohlaza kungabonisa izinguquko ezinkulu emaphethini okukhula kwezitshalo ngenxa yokwanda kwamazinga okushisa emhlabeni. Ezindaweni ezingenazo uhlaza, njengezingwadule noma izintaba, inkomba ingase futhi inikeze ulwazi olufanele mayelana nezimo zezwe.
Izinselelo zesayensi ngemuva kokugqwayiza kokuphefumula komhlaba
Ukuthuthukiswa kokugqwayiza okubonisa ukuphefumula Komhlaba, okusekelwe emijikelezweni yezitshalo, kumelele inselele enkulu. I upopayi uhlanganisa imijikelezo engu-50.000, elihambisana namasonto angu-52 onyaka. Ngokusebenzisa ama-algorithms athuthukisiwe, ukumelwa okunembile kokuthi izimila zimunca futhi zikhiphe i-CO2 zidalwe phakathi nomjikelezo wamasonto onke.
Ubunkimbinkimbi bobuchwepheshe bale nqubo buhlanganisa nokuhlola izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokugqwayiza kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa ukumelwa okungcono kakhulu okungenzeka. Uchungechunge lubonisa indlela amahlathi nezinye izindawo ezinohlaza “eziphefumula ngayo,” zimunca isikhutha esikhulu entwasahlobo nasehlobo ukuze zisikhiphe phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika.
Njengoba abadali bokugqwayiza besho, kuyenzeka ukubona izinguqulo ezinemininingwane eminingi nezihamba kancane ukuze ubonge ukuthi izinqubo zithuthuka kanjani ngokulungiswa kwesikhashana okunembe kakhudlwana.
Umhlaba kanye "nokuphefumula" kwawo kwekhabhoni
Umqondo we ukuphefumula kwe-carbon Yomhlaba kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi imijikelezo yezitshalo ithonya kanjani umjikelezo wekhabhoni womhlaba. Phakathi nomjikelezo, izitshalo zimunca ikhabhoni nge-photosynthesis futhi ziyikhulule ngesikhathi sokubola noma lapho zishiswa. Lolu hlelo lokushintshisana ngekhabhoni njalo phakathi komkhathi, inhlabathi kanye nolwandle lubalulekile ekulinganiseni kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele.
El olwandle Iphinde ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile kule nqubo, njengoba imunca inani elikhulu lekhabhoni, eningi kakhulu kunaleyo egcinwe emkhathini woMhlaba kanye ne-biosphere. Eqinisweni, ulwandle lubamba ikhabhoni eningi kune-ecosystem. Kodwa-ke, izitshalo ziqhubeka zingenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo nezipholile, lapho zithatha khona i-CO2 eningi entwasahlobo nasehlobo, kuyilapho ziyikhulula ebusika.
Lokhu kushintshisana kuzwela kakhulu ezinguqukweni zesimo sezulu, okwenza izifundo zokuphefumula ngekhabhoni zibe ucezu olubalulekile emizamweni yomhlaba wonke yokunciphisa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Umthelela Wokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Kumijikelezo Yesizini
El ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu isiqalile ukuphazamisa la maphethini omjikelezo. Amazinga okushisa aphakeme embulunga yonke abangela ukuba imijikelezo yezitshalo ithuthuke, ishintsha isikhathi sokuhluma nokuhluma. Izinkathi ezikhulayo zonyaka nazo ziye zanda ezifundeni ezimbalwa, okuthi, nakuba ekuqaleni kungase kubonakale kunenzuzo kwezolimo, kungaba nemiphumela eyinhlekelele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kucekele phansi ibhalansi yemvelo ye-ecosystem.
Ngokwesibonelo, i-tropical ecosystem, yenza izinguquko ezinkulu. Amahlathi emvula ase-Amazon, asebenza njengamasinki amakhulu e-carbon, alahlekelwa amandla awo okubamba i-CO2 ngenxa yokwanda kokugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nesomiso esivamile. Uma lo mthamo uqhubeka nokulahleka, umjikelezo wekhabhoni uzothinteka kakhulu, ukwandisa inani le-CO2 emkhathini futhi kusheshise ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke.
Ukubaluleka kokuphenya imijikelezo yezimila zesizini akugcini nje ngokuqonda indlela imvelo esabela ngayo ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, kodwa ekutheni singayinciphisa kanjani imiphumela yako ngokulondolozwa kwezimiso zemvelo ezibalulekile njengamahlathi ashisayo, izifunda ezihlala emanzini kanye, ekugcineni, Ngokubaluleke kakhulu, nezilwandle.
Ngayinye yalezi zinqubo, kusukela ku-photosynthesis kuya ekuphefumuleni koMhlaba, yembula ukuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi okugcina isimo sezulu sethu nokuphila kweplanethi kusesimweni. Njengoba sibhekene nezinselelo zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukuqonda nokuvikela le mijikelezo kuba semqoka kakhulu kunangaphambili.