Ibhange lomphakathi langaphambili laseJalimane i-WestLB iyinhlangano yakamuva yokufaka icala ngokumelene noMbuso waseSpain ngaphambi kwe UCiadi (Isikhungo Samazwe Ngamazwe Sokuxazululwa Kwezingxabano Zotshalomali) maqondana nokuncishiswa kweholo lamandla avuselelekayo abekwe uHulumeni Weqembu Elidumile (PP). Lokhu kulamula kuhlanganisa uchungechunge lwezingxabano ezifanayo, eseziphelele, sezivele zeqa amacala angamashumi amathathu wamazwe ngamazwe, ngenxa yokungaqiniseki okudalwe izinguquko kuzinqubomgomo zezamandla zaseSpain.
Ngaleli cala, sekunezixazululi ezingaphezu kuka-30 ezimelene nezwe lethu ezinhlanganweni ezihlukene zamazwe ngamazwe. Kulawa, eyodwa yethulwe phambi kwe-Uncitral (i-United Nations Commission on International Trade Law), emithathu phambi kwe-Arbitration Institute ye-Stockholm Chamber of Commerce, nama-28 ngaphambi kwe-ICSID ngokwayo, ngaphansi kokuvikelwa yiBhange Lomhlaba. Lawa macala akhombisa ukungezwani okungokomthetho okukhulayo phakathi kwabatshalizimali bamazwe ngamazwe kanye neSifundazwe saseSpain, kulandela izinguquko ezinqala emkhakheni kagesi ezenziwa ikakhulukazi ngo-2012 no-2013.
Kusukela icala lokuqala eliphikisana nezinguquko zomkhakha wezamandla wethulwa nguhulumeni kaRodríguez Zapatero - eminyakeni eyisithupha edlule - kuze kube namuhla, iSpain ikwazile ukuxazulula izingxabano ezintathu kuphela. Kulokhu, okubili kwaxazululwa eStockholm, kwaba nemiphumela emihle kuHulumeni. Kodwa-ke, isinqumo sakamuva se-ICSID sasivuna abatshalizimali besikhwama saseBrithani i-Eiser, igalelo elibalulekile esikhwameni somphakathi saseSpain, abayalelwe ukuthi bakhokhe ama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-128 njengesinxephezelo.
Leli cala libeka isibonelo esibalulekile kumthetho wokulamula wamazwe ngamazwe, njengoba, ngokusho kwenkantolo ye-ICSID, ukuncishiswa okwenziwe yiSpain kwalimaza kakhulu inzuzo yokutshalwa kwezimali kuka-Eiser ezitshalweni eziningana ezishisayo zelanga eziseningizimu yezwe.
Umkhakha osezimeni ezinzima: unciphisa ngaphandle kwesinxephezelo
UMiguel Ángel Martínez-Aroca, umongameli we-Anpier (National Association of Photovoltaic Energy Producers), uye wagcizelela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi kukhona umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwemiklomelo ekhishwe e-Stockholm kanye nomklomelo we-ICSID. Ngenkathi amacala e-Stockholm ayebhekene nezinguquko ezigunyazwe uhulumeni wase-Zapatero, ukulamula kwe-ICSID kugxile ekuguqulweni kwamandla kwe-Popular Party.
Lo mehluko ubalulekile ngoba, ngokusho kuka-Martínez-Aroca, uHulumeni wase-Zapatero unxephezele abatshalizimali ngeminyaka emihlanu eyengeziwe yeholo, okukhiqize isinxephezelo esingaphezu kwalokho esisikiwe. Kodwa-ke, abaphathi bakaMariano Rajoy abanikezanga isinxephezelo, naphezu kokwehliswa okukhulu kwamaphrimiyamu anikezwe ukutshalwa kwezimali ezintweni ezivuselelekayo, okudale inqwaba yezikhalazo kulaba batshalizimali.
Lokhu kunganeliseki kukhombisa inkinga enkulu: ISpain isibe ngelinye lamazwe amathathu emhlabeni anezidingo eziningi ezivela kubatshalizimali bamazwe ngamazwe, ikakhulukazi ezihlobene nokuncishiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo. Ngokwezilinganiso, isisindo somnotho salawa macala singaba ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-7.000 zama-euro uma abatshalizimali ekugcineni beqinisile kuzo zonke ezinye izixazululi ezisalindile.
Ngasohlangothini lwakhe, u-Álvaro Nadal, owayenguNgqongqoshe Wezamandla, Ezokuvakasha Nedijithali ngaleso sikhathi, uye wakwehlisa ukubaluleka kwalezi zimfuno, wathi isinxephezelo siyohlale siphansi kunemali eyongiwe ngenxa yoshintsho oluyimpikiswano ohlelweni lukagesi, obekuyinto umthombo wakho konke lokhu kungqubuzana.
Ngemuva kokukhishwa kwesinqumo se-ICSID esivuna u-Eiser, uHulumeni wagunyaza umthetho ovumela insalela yohlelo lukagesi, osekuqoqwe ama-euro ayizigidi eziyi-1.130 kusukela ngo-2014, ukuba isetshenziselwe ukukhokha inhlawulo ebangelwe ukulamula, okuhlanganisa nezizayo. . Lesi sinqumo sidale ukungakhululeki okusha ngaphakathi komkhakha ovuselelekayo, obona ukuthi le nsalela, okufanele ngabe isetshenziselwe ukuthuthukisa ukusimama kwalolu hlelo, manje isetshenziselwe ukukhokhela abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe isinxephezelo.
Abatshalizimali baseSpain abavikelekile
Okunye okuyindida okugqamayo ngalesi simo wukungabi bikho kokuvikelwa lapho abatshali bezimali bezwe bezithola bekukhona. Nakuba abatshalizimali bamazwe ngamazwe bekwazile ukuphendukela ezinkantolo zokulamula, abatshalizimali baseSpain banqunyelwe ukuphendukela eNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo kanye naseNkantolo Ephakeme, kokubili okuvuna uHulumeni uma kuziwa ekunciphiseni. Lokhu kudale umuzwa wezindinganiso ezimbaxambili, njengoba abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe, ngokufinyelela ezinkantolo ezifana ne-ICSID, bathole isinxephezelo abaseSpain abangakwazi ukusithola.
Kulo mongo, iqembu labatshalizimali baseSpain lethule udaba lwalo ku-Ombudsman, owancoma ukuthi uHulumeni athathe izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi abatshalizimali kazwelonke abaphathwa kabi kunabangaphandle ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Samandla Amandla okuye kwaba uhlaka lokulawula olusetshenziswa ngamazwe ngamazwe abatshalizimali ukwethula izimangalo zabo.
U-Ombudsman akacelanga nje kuphela ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo, kodwa futhi wanxusa uHulumeni ukuba asungule izindlela zokunxephezela umhlatshelo “oyingqayizivele” obangele ukuguqulwa kwamaholo kubatshalizimali bakazwelonke. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube manje, azikho izinyathelo ezisetshenzisiwe ukudambisa lesi simo.
Ukulamula kwamazwe ngamazwe: izinqubo ezinde nezimba eqolo
Ukulamula kwamazwe ngamazwe okuzungezile ukusikeka okuvuselelekayo akuzona nje izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa futhi zihamba kancane kakhulu. Emacaleni ahlobene neSpain, i-ICSID yabele izinkantolo zezixazululi ezingu-27 kwezingu-28 ezethulwa, ngayinye inomongameli nabaxazululi ababili abakhethwe yizo zombili izinhlangothi. Lezi zinqubo azinde kuphela ngesikhathi, kodwa futhi zibiza izwe elimangalelwe. Isibonelo, ukulamula okwalahla iSpain ngokuvuna u-Eiser kuhilela izindleko ezisondele kuma-euro angama-900.000.
Lezi zindleko azikhawulelwe esinxephezelweni iSpain okufanele siyikhokhe uma ilahlekelwa amacala, kodwa futhi ihlanganisa nezinkokhelo zabaxazululi kanye nabasebenzi abahlobene, okwandisa izindleko eziphelele zenqubo ngayinye yokulamula. Njengoba kusazoxazululwa izixazululi ezingaphezu kuka-20, umthelela wezezimali walezi zinsolo ungaba mkhulu uma iningi lingathandeki kuHulumeni.
Kafushane, iSpain ibhekene nesimo esibucayi emkhakheni wezokuxazululwa kwamazwe ngamazwe. Njengoba kusengcupheni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-7.000 futhi kunezinqumo ezengeziwe ezimelene nakho, uMbuso kuzodingeka ubuyekeze indlela yawo yamandla avuselelekayo kanye nesinxephezelo. Ingcindezi yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokuntuleka kwezindlela ezanele zokuvikela abatshalizimali bakazwelonke kudala ukukhubazeka okungaba nomthelela omkhulu kwezomnotho esikhathini esimaphakathi nesikhathi eside.